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            天行健 君子當(dāng)自強(qiáng)而不息

            D3D中公告板的使用示例


            點(diǎn)擊下載源碼和素材

            公告板(billboard)是一種允許在2D對(duì)象出現(xiàn)在3D中的很酷的技術(shù)。舉例來(lái)說(shuō),一個(gè)復(fù)雜的對(duì)象,諸如一棵樹(shù),在一個(gè)建模程序中,可以從側(cè)視圖(side view)進(jìn)行渲染,然后在一個(gè)矩陣的多邊形上進(jìn)行繪制。這個(gè)矩形的多邊形通常朝向觀察點(diǎn),因此不論從多邊形的哪個(gè)角度進(jìn)行觀察,樹(shù)紋理都好像是從渲染一側(cè)被觀察到。

            如下所示,不管從哪個(gè)位置或角度觀察多邊形,公告板技術(shù)保證了多邊形始終朝向觀察點(diǎn)。


            公告板的原理就是通過(guò)使用世界矩陣,根據(jù)觀察點(diǎn)來(lái)排列多邊形,因?yàn)橛^察的角度已知(或能夠獲得一個(gè)觀察變換矩陣),就只需要使用相反的觀察角來(lái)構(gòu)造矩陣。 不必改變多邊形的位置,因?yàn)榻嵌染鸵呀?jīng)足夠了。

            構(gòu)造公告板世界矩陣(這個(gè)矩陣可以應(yīng)用到一個(gè)網(wǎng)格或多邊形上)的第一種方法就是使用已知觀察角的相反值。

            舉例來(lái)說(shuō),假設(shè)已經(jīng)設(shè)置好了帶有頂點(diǎn)的頂點(diǎn)緩沖,觀察點(diǎn)角度存儲(chǔ)為x_rot,y_rot,z_rot,并且公告板對(duì)象的坐標(biāo)是x_coord,y_coord,z_coord。下面的代碼演示了如何設(shè)置矩陣,以便用于渲染公告板頂點(diǎn)緩沖:

                float x_rot = D3DX_PI / 4, y_rot = D3DX_PI / 2, z_rot = D3DX_PI / 8;
                
            float x_coord = 2.0f, y_coord = 3.0f, z_coord = 5.0f;

                D3DXMATRIX mat_billboard;
                D3DXMATRIX mat_x_rot, mat_y_rot, mat_z_rot;
                D3DXMATRIX mat_trans;

                
            // 構(gòu)造公告板矩陣

                // 使用同觀察點(diǎn)相反的角度進(jìn)行定位,以便進(jìn)行觀察。
                D3DXMatrixRotationX(&mat_x_rot, -x_rot);
                D3DXMatrixRotationY(&mat_y_rot, -y_rot);
                D3DXMatrixRotationZ(&mat_z_rot, -z_rot);

                
            // 使用公告板對(duì)象坐標(biāo)進(jìn)行定位
                D3DXMatrixTranslation(&mat_trans, x_coord, y_coord, z_coord);

                
            // 合并矩陣
                D3DXMatrixIdentity(&mat_billboard);
                D3DXMatrixMultiply(&mat_billboard, &mat_billboard, &mat_trans);
                D3DXMatrixMultiply(&mat_billboard, &mat_billboard, &mat_z_rot);
                D3DXMatrixMultiply(&mat_billboard, &mat_billboard, &mat_y_rot);
                D3DXMatrixMultiply(&mat_billboard, &mat_billboard, &mat_x_rot);

                
            // 設(shè)置矩陣
                g_d3d_device->SetTransform(D3DTS_WORLD, &mat_billboard);

                
            // 繼續(xù)繪制頂點(diǎn)緩沖,此頂點(diǎn)緩沖已經(jīng)在合適的坐標(biāo)上進(jìn)行定位,以朝向觀察點(diǎn)。
             

            創(chuàng)建公告板世界矩陣的第二種方法是從Direct3D獲取當(dāng)前的觀察矩陣并將此矩陣轉(zhuǎn)置。這個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)置矩陣會(huì)將所有的東西進(jìn)行恰當(dāng)?shù)亩ㄎ?,以朝向觀察點(diǎn)。接著就只需應(yīng)用網(wǎng)格的平移矩陣,在世界中正確地確定網(wǎng)格的位置。

            下面的代碼演示了如何從觀察矩陣構(gòu)造出公告板矩陣,并使用這個(gè)矩陣來(lái)繪制公告板對(duì)象:

               float x_coord = 2.0f, y_coord = 3.0f, z_coord = 5.0f;

                D3DXMATRIX mat_trans, mat_world, mat_transpose;

                
            // 得到當(dāng)前的Direct3D觀察矩陣
                g_d3d_device->GetTransform(D3DTS_VIEW, &mat_transpose);

                
            // 創(chuàng)建網(wǎng)格的平移矩陣
                D3DXMatrixTranslation(&mat_trans, x_coord, y_coord, z_coord);

                
            // 將前兩個(gè)矩陣相乘得到世界變換矩陣
                D3DXMatrixMultiply(&mat_world, &mat_transpose, &mat_trans);

                
            // 設(shè)置世界變換矩陣
                g_d3d_device->SetTransform(D3DTS_WORLD, &mat_world);

                
            // 繼續(xù)繪制頂點(diǎn)緩沖,此頂點(diǎn)緩沖已經(jīng)在合適的坐標(biāo)上進(jìn)行定位,以朝向觀察點(diǎn)。
             

            公告板是一種強(qiáng)大的技術(shù),它實(shí)際上也是其他一些特效的基礎(chǔ),比如粒子。


            源碼中的Setup_Mesh函數(shù)用來(lái)創(chuàng)建頂點(diǎn)緩沖和從文件取得紋理數(shù)據(jù),其中用到了D3DXCreateTextureFromFileEx函數(shù),來(lái)看看它的使用信息:

            Creates a texture from a file. This is a more advanced function than D3DXCreateTextureFromFile.

            HRESULT D3DXCreateTextureFromFileEx(
            LPDIRECT3DDEVICE9 pDevice,
            LPCTSTR pSrcFile,
            UINT Width,
            UINT Height,
            UINT MipLevels,
            DWORD Usage,
            D3DFORMAT Format,
            D3DPOOL Pool,
            DWORD Filter,
            DWORD MipFilter,
            D3DCOLOR ColorKey,
            D3DXIMAGE_INFO * pSrcInfo,
            PALETTEENTRY * pPalette,
            LPDIRECT3DTEXTURE9 * ppTexture
            );

            Parameters

            pDevice
            [in] Pointer to an IDirect3DDevice9 interface, representing the device to be associated with the texture.
            pSrcFile
            [in] Pointer to a string that specifies the filename. If the compiler settings require Unicode, the data type LPCTSTR resolves to LPCWSTR. Otherwise, the string data type resolves to LPCSTR. See Remarks.
            Width
            [in] Width in pixels. If this value is zero or D3DX_DEFAULT, the dimensions are taken from the file and rounded up to a power of two. If the device supports non-power of 2 textures and D3DX_DEFAULT_NONPOW2 is specified, the size will not be rounded.
            Height
            [in] Height, in pixels. If this value is zero or D3DX_DEFAULT, the dimensions are taken from the file and rounded up to a power of two. If the device supports non-power of 2 textures and D3DX_DEFAULT_NONPOW2 is sepcified, the size will not be rounded.
            MipLevels
            [in] Number of mip levels requested. If this value is zero or D3DX_DEFAULT, a complete mipmap chain is created. If D3DX_FROM_FILE, the size will be taken exactly as it is in the file, and the call will fail if this violates device capabilities.
            Usage
            [in] 0, D3DUSAGE_RENDERTARGET, or D3DUSAGE_DYNAMIC. Setting this flag to D3DUSAGE_RENDERTARGET indicates that the surface is to be used as a render target. The resource can then be passed to the pNewRenderTarget parameter of the IDirect3DDevice9::SetRenderTarget method. If either D3DUSAGE_RENDERTARGET or D3DUSAGE_DYNAMIC is specified, Pool must be set to D3DPOOL_DEFAULT, and the application should check that the device supports this operation by calling IDirect3D9::CheckDeviceFormat. D3DUSAGE_DYNAMIC indicates that the surface should be handled dynamically. See Using Dynamic Textures.
            Format
            [in] Member of the D3DFORMAT enumerated type, describing the requested pixel format for the texture. The returned texture might have a different format from that specified by Format. Applications should check the format of the returned texture. If D3DFMT_UNKNOWN, the format is taken from the file. If D3DFMT_FROM_FILE, the format is taken exactly as it is in the file, and the call will fail if this violates device capabilities.
            Pool
            [in] Member of the D3DPOOL enumerated type, describing the memory class into which the texture should be placed.
            Filter
            [in] A combination of one or more D3DX_FILTER constants controlling how the image is filtered. Specifying D3DX_DEFAULT for this parameter is the equivalent of specifying D3DX_FILTER_TRIANGLE | D3DX_FILTER_DITHER.
            MipFilter
            [in] A combination of one or more D3DX_FILTER constants controlling how the image is filtered. Specifying D3DX_DEFAULT for this parameter is the equivalent of specifying D3DX_FILTER_BOX. In addition, use bits 27-31 to specify the number of mip levels to be skipped (from the top of the mipmap chain) when a .dds texture is loaded into memory; this allows you to skip up to 32 levels.
            ColorKey
            [in] D3DCOLOR value to replace with transparent black, or 0 to disable the color key. This is always a 32-bit ARGB color, independent of the source image format. Alpha is significant and should usually be set to FF for opaque color keys. Thus, for opaque black, the value would be equal to 0xFF000000.
            pSrcInfo
            [in, out] Pointer to a D3DXIMAGE_INFO structure to be filled in with a description of the data in the source image file, or NULL.
            pPalette
            [out] Pointer to a PALETTEENTRY structure, representing a 256-color palette to fill in, or NULL.
            ppTexture
            [out] Address of a pointer to an IDirect3DTexture9 interface, representing the created texture object.

            Return Values

            If the function succeeds, the return value is D3D_OK. If the function fails, the return value can be one of the following: D3DERR_INVALIDCALL.

            D3DERR_NOTAVAILABLED3DERR_OUTOFVIDEOMEMORYD3DXERR_INVALIDDATAE_OUTOFMEMORY

            Remarks

            The compiler setting also determines the function version. If Unicode is defined, the function call resolves to D3DXCreateTextureFromFileExW. Otherwise, the function call resolves to D3DXCreateTextureFromFileExA because ANSI strings are being used.

            Use D3DXCheckTextureRequirements to determine if your device can support the texture given the current state.

            This function supports the following file formats: .bmp, .dds, .dib, .hdr, .jpg, .pfm, .png, .ppm, and .tga. See D3DXIMAGE_FILEFORMAT.

            Mipmapped textures automatically have each level filled with the loaded texture. When loading images into mipmapped textures, some devices are unable to go to a 1x1 image and this function will fail. If this happens, then the images need to be loaded manually.

            For the best performance when using D3DXCreateTextureFromFileEx:

            1. Doing image scaling and format conversion at load time can be slow. Store images in the format and resolution they will be used. If the target hardware requires power of 2 dimensions, then create and store images using power of 2 dimensions.
            2. For mipmap image creation at load time, filter using D3DX_FILTER_BOX. A box filter is much faster than other filter types such as D3DX_FILTER_TRIANGLE.
            3. Consider using DDS files. Since DDS files can be used to represent any Direct3D 9 texture format, they are very easy for D3DX to read. Also, they can store mipmaps, so any mipmap-generation algorithms can be used to author the images.

            When skipping mipmap levels while loading a .dds file, use the D3DX_SKIP_DDS_MIP_LEVELS macro to generate the MipFilter value. This macro takes the number of levels to skip and the filter type and returns the filter value, which would then be passed into the MipFilter parameter.


            我們來(lái)看看Do_Frame是如何進(jìn)行公告板的繪制的,以下是關(guān)鍵代碼:

                // build view matrix
                D3DXMatrixLookAtLH(&mat_view, &D3DXVECTOR3(cos(angle) * 200.0, 200.0, sin(angle) * 200.0),
                    &D3DXVECTOR3(0.0, 0.0, 0.0), &D3DXVECTOR3(0.0, 1.0, 0.0));

                
            // set view matrix
                g_d3d_device->SetTransform(D3DTS_VIEW, &mat_view);

                
            // Begin scene
                if(SUCCEEDED(g_d3d_device->BeginScene()))
                {
                    
            // 1) draw the floor
                    
                    // binds a vertex buffer to a device data stream
                    g_d3d_device->SetStreamSource(0, g_floor_vb, 0, sizeof(VERTEX));

                    
            // set the current vertex stream declation
                    g_d3d_device->SetFVF(VERTEX_FVF);

                    
            // assigns a texture to a stage for a device
                    g_d3d_device->SetTexture(0, g_floor_texture);

                    
            // build world matrix, we only need identity matrix, because we do not need to change original floor position.
                    D3DXMatrixIdentity(&mat_world);

                    
            // set world matrix
                    g_d3d_device->SetTransform(D3DTS_WORLD, &mat_world);        

                    
            // renders a sequence of noindexed, geometric primitives of the specified type from the current set
                    // of data input stream.
                    g_d3d_device->DrawPrimitive(D3DPT_TRIANGLESTRIP, 0, 2);

                    
            // 2) draw the billboards

                    g_d3d_device->SetStreamSource(0, g_billboard_vb, 0, 
            sizeof(VERTEX));
                    g_d3d_device->SetTexture(0, g_billboard_texture);

                    
            // enable alpha test
                    g_d3d_device->SetRenderState(D3DRS_ALPHATESTENABLE, TRUE);
                    
            // get world matrix, just get it from view matrix's transpose.
                    D3DXMatrixTranspose(&mat_world, &mat_view);
                    
                    
            // draw all billboard images
                    for(short i = 0; i < 3; i++)
                    {
                        
            for(short j = 0; j < 3; j++)
                        {
                            mat_world._41 = i * 80.0 - 80.0;
                            mat_world._42 = 0.0;
                            mat_world._43 = j * 80.0 - 80.0;

                            
            // set world matrix
                            g_d3d_device->SetTransform(D3DTS_WORLD, &mat_world);
                            
            // draw polygon
                            g_d3d_device->DrawPrimitive(D3DPT_TRIANGLESTRIP, 0, 2);
                        }
                    }

                    
            // disable alpha test
                    g_d3d_device->SetRenderState(D3DRS_ALPHATESTENABLE, FALSE);

                    
            // release texture
                    g_d3d_device->SetTexture(0, NULL);

                    
            // end the scene
                    g_d3d_device->EndScene();
                }

            1)地板的繪制:首先調(diào)用D3DXMatrixLookAtLH取得視口矩陣,接著調(diào)用SetTransform設(shè)置視口矩陣。繪制地板時(shí)先調(diào)用SetStreamSource和SetFVF設(shè)置頂點(diǎn)信息,再調(diào)用SetTexture設(shè)置紋理,接著調(diào)用D3DXMatrixIdentity單位化世界矩陣并設(shè)置世界矩陣,因?yàn)槲覀儾恍枰淖兊匕宓奈恢?,所以世界矩陣直接設(shè)置為單位矩陣就可以了;再接著調(diào)用DrawPrimitive繪制圖形。

            2)公告板的繪制:首先設(shè)置頂點(diǎn)數(shù)據(jù)格式,接著啟用alpha測(cè)試,再接著將視口矩陣轉(zhuǎn)置得到世界矩陣,使用兩層for循環(huán)來(lái)平移世界矩陣并設(shè)置世界矩陣,最后繪制這些公告板。
             
                   // draw all billboard images
                    for(short i = 0; i < 3; i++)
                    {
                        for(short j = 0; j < 3; j++)
                        {
                            mat_world._41 = i * 80.0 - 80.0;
                            mat_world._42 = 0.0;
                            mat_world._43 = j * 80.0 - 80.0;

                            // set world matrix
                            g_d3d_device->SetTransform(D3DTS_WORLD, &mat_world);
                            // draw polygon
                            g_d3d_device->DrawPrimitive(D3DPT_TRIANGLESTRIP, 0, 2);
                        }
                    }

            完整源碼如下:
             
            /***************************************************************************************
            PURPOSE:
                Billboard Demo

            Required libraries:
              WINMM.lib, D3D9.LIB, D3DX9.LIB.
             ***************************************************************************************/


            #include <windows.h>
            #include <stdio.h>
            #include "d3d9.h"
            #include "d3dx9.h"

            #pragma comment(lib, "winmm.lib")
            #pragma comment(lib, "d3d9.lib")
            #pragma comment(lib, "d3dx9.lib")

            #pragma warning(disable : 4305 4244)

            #define WINDOW_WIDTH    400
            #define WINDOW_HEIGHT   400

            #define Safe_Release(p) if((p)) (p)->Release();

            // window handles, class and caption text.
            HWND g_hwnd;
            HINSTANCE g_inst;
            static char g_class_name[] = "BillboardClass";
            static char g_caption[]    = "Billboard Demo";

            // the Direct3D and device object
            IDirect3D9* g_d3d = NULL;
            IDirect3DDevice9* g_d3d_device = NULL;

            // The 3D vertex format and descriptor
            typedef struct
            {
                
            float x, y, z;  // 3D coordinates    
                float u, v;     // texture coordinates
            } VERTEX;

            #define VERTEX_FVF   (D3DFVF_XYZ | D3DFVF_TEX1)

            // the billboard vertex buffer and texture
            IDirect3DVertexBuffer9* g_billboard_vb = NULL;
            IDirect3DTexture9*      g_billboard_texture = NULL;

            // the floor vertex buffer and texture
            IDirect3DVertexBuffer9* g_floor_vb = NULL;
            IDirect3DTexture9*      g_floor_texture = NULL;

            //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            // Window procedure.
            //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            long WINAPI Window_Proc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
            {
                
            switch(msg)
                {
                
            case WM_DESTROY:
                    PostQuitMessage(0);
                    
            return 0;
                }

                
            return (long) DefWindowProc(hwnd, msg, wParam, lParam);
            }

            //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            // Copy vertex data into vertex buffer, create texture from file.
            //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            BOOL Setup_Mesh()
            {
                BYTE* vertex_ptr;

                VERTEX billboard_verts[] = {
                    { -42.0f, 80.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f },
                    {  40.0f, 80.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f },
                    { -40.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f },
                    {  40.0f,  0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f }
                };

                VERTEX floor_verts[] = {
                    { -100.0f, 0.0f,  100.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f },
                    {  100.0f, 0.0f,  100.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f },
                    { -100.0f, 0.0f, -100.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f },
                    { 100.0f, 0.0f, -100.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f }
                };

                
            // create vertex buffers and stuff in data
                
                // for billboard
                if(FAILED(g_d3d_device->CreateVertexBuffer(sizeof(billboard_verts), 0, VERTEX_FVF, D3DPOOL_DEFAULT, 
                                                           &g_billboard_vb, NULL)))   
                    
            return FALSE;   

                
            // locks a range of vertex data and obtains a pointer to the vertex buffer memory
                if(FAILED(g_billboard_vb->Lock(0, 0, (void**)&vertex_ptr, 0)))
                    
            return FALSE;

                memcpy(vertex_ptr, billboard_verts, 
            sizeof(billboard_verts));

                
            // unlocks vertex data
                g_billboard_vb->Unlock();

                
            // for floor
                if(FAILED(g_d3d_device->CreateVertexBuffer(sizeof(floor_verts), 0, VERTEX_FVF, D3DPOOL_DEFAULT, &g_floor_vb, NULL)))    
                    
            return FALSE;    

                
            // locks a range of vertex data and obtains a pointer to the vertex buffer memory
                if(FAILED(g_floor_vb->Lock(0, 0, (void**)&vertex_ptr, 0)))
                    
            return FALSE;

                memcpy(vertex_ptr, floor_verts, 
            sizeof(floor_verts));

                
            // unlocks vertex data
                g_floor_vb->Unlock();

                
            // get textures    
                D3DXCreateTextureFromFile(g_d3d_device, "Floor.bmp", &g_floor_texture);

                
            // Creates a texture from a file. 
                D3DXCreateTextureFromFileEx(g_d3d_device, "Billboard.bmp", D3DX_DEFAULT, D3DX_DEFAULT,
                    D3DX_DEFAULT, 0, D3DFMT_A1R5G5B5, D3DPOOL_MANAGED, D3DX_FILTER_TRIANGLE, D3DX_FILTER_TRIANGLE,
                    D3DCOLOR_RGBA(0,0,0,255), NULL, NULL, &g_billboard_texture);

                
            return TRUE;
            }

            //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            // Initialize d3d, d3d device, vertex buffer, texutre; set render state for d3d;
            // set perspective matrix.
            //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            BOOL Do_Init()
            {
                D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS present_param;
                D3DDISPLAYMODE  display_mode;
                D3DXMATRIX mat_proj, mat_view;    

                
            // do a windowed mode initialization of Direct3D
                if((g_d3d = Direct3DCreate9(D3D_SDK_VERSION)) == NULL)
                    
            return FALSE;

                
            // retrieves the current display mode of the adapter
                if(FAILED(g_d3d->GetAdapterDisplayMode(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, &display_mode)))
                    
            return FALSE;

                ZeroMemory(&present_param, 
            sizeof(present_param));

                
            // initialize d3d presentation parameter
                present_param.Windowed               = TRUE;
                present_param.SwapEffect             = D3DSWAPEFFECT_DISCARD;
                present_param.BackBufferFormat       = display_mode.Format;
                present_param.EnableAutoDepthStencil = TRUE;
                present_param.AutoDepthStencilFormat = D3DFMT_D16;

                
            // creates a device to represent the display adapter
                if(FAILED(g_d3d->CreateDevice(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, D3DDEVTYPE_HAL, g_hwnd,
                                              D3DCREATE_SOFTWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING, &present_param, &g_d3d_device)))
                    
            return FALSE;     

                
            // set render state

                // disable d3d lighting
                g_d3d_device->SetRenderState(D3DRS_LIGHTING, FALSE);
                
            // enable z-buffer
                g_d3d_device->SetRenderState(D3DRS_ZENABLE, D3DZB_TRUE);
                
            // set alpha reference value and function
                g_d3d_device->SetRenderState(D3DRS_ALPHAREF, 0x01);
                g_d3d_device->SetRenderState(D3DRS_ALPHAFUNC, D3DCMP_GREATEREQUAL);

                
            // create and set the projection matrix

                // builds a left-handed perspective projection matrix based on a field of view
                D3DXMatrixPerspectiveFovLH(&mat_proj, D3DX_PI/4.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1000.0);

                
            // sets a single device transformation-related state
                g_d3d_device->SetTransform(D3DTS_PROJECTION, &mat_proj);

                
            // create the meshes
                Setup_Mesh();    

                
            return TRUE;
            }

            //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            // Release all d3d resource.
            //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            BOOL Do_Shutdown()
            {
                Safe_Release(g_billboard_vb);
                Safe_Release(g_billboard_texture);
                Safe_Release(g_floor_vb);
                Safe_Release(g_floor_texture);
                Safe_Release(g_d3d_device);
                Safe_Release(g_d3d);

                
            return TRUE;
            }

            //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            // Render a frame.
            //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            BOOL Do_Frame()
            {
                D3DXMATRIX mat_view, mat_world;

                
            // clear device back buffer
                g_d3d_device->Clear(0, NULL, D3DCLEAR_TARGET | D3DCLEAR_ZBUFFER, D3DCOLOR_RGBA(0, 64, 128, 255), 1.0f, 0);

                
            // update the view position
                float angle = (float) timeGetTime() / 2000.0;

                
            // build view matrix
                D3DXMatrixLookAtLH(&mat_view, &D3DXVECTOR3(cos(angle) * 200.0, 200.0, sin(angle) * 200.0),
                    &D3DXVECTOR3(0.0, 0.0, 0.0), &D3DXVECTOR3(0.0, 1.0, 0.0));

                
            // set view matrix
                g_d3d_device->SetTransform(D3DTS_VIEW, &mat_view);

                
            // Begin scene
                if(SUCCEEDED(g_d3d_device->BeginScene()))
                {
                    
            // 1) draw the floor
                    
                    // binds a vertex buffer to a device data stream
                    g_d3d_device->SetStreamSource(0, g_floor_vb, 0, sizeof(VERTEX));

                    
            // set the current vertex stream declation
                    g_d3d_device->SetFVF(VERTEX_FVF);

                    
            // assigns a texture to a stage for a device
                    g_d3d_device->SetTexture(0, g_floor_texture);

                    
            // build world matrix, we only need identity matrix, because we do not need to change original floor position.
                    D3DXMatrixIdentity(&mat_world);

                    
            // set world matrix
                    g_d3d_device->SetTransform(D3DTS_WORLD, &mat_world);        

                    
            // renders a sequence of noindexed, geometric primitives of the specified type from the current set
                    // of data input stream.
                    g_d3d_device->DrawPrimitive(D3DPT_TRIANGLESTRIP, 0, 2);

                    
            // 2) draw the billboards

                    g_d3d_device->SetStreamSource(0, g_billboard_vb, 0, 
            sizeof(VERTEX));
                    g_d3d_device->SetTexture(0, g_billboard_texture);

                    
            // enable alpha test
                    g_d3d_device->SetRenderState(D3DRS_ALPHATESTENABLE, TRUE);
                    
            // get world matrix, just get it from view matrix's transpose.
                    D3DXMatrixTranspose(&mat_world, &mat_view);
                    
                    
            // draw all billboard images
                    for(short i = 0; i < 3; i++)
                    {
                        
            for(short j = 0; j < 3; j++)
                        {
                            mat_world._41 = i * 80.0 - 80.0;
                            mat_world._42 = 0.0;
                            mat_world._43 = j * 80.0 - 80.0;

                            
            // set world matrix
                            g_d3d_device->SetTransform(D3DTS_WORLD, &mat_world);
                            
            // draw polygon
                            g_d3d_device->DrawPrimitive(D3DPT_TRIANGLESTRIP, 0, 2);
                        }
                    }

                    
            // disable alpha test
                    g_d3d_device->SetRenderState(D3DRS_ALPHATESTENABLE, FALSE);

                    
            // release texture
                    g_d3d_device->SetTexture(0, NULL);

                    
            // end the scene
                    g_d3d_device->EndScene();
                }

                
            // present the contents of the next buffer in the sequence of back buffers owned by the device
                g_d3d_device->Present(NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);

                
            return TRUE;
            }

            //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            // Main function, routine entry.
            //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
            int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE inst, HINSTANCE, LPSTR cmd_line, int cmd_show)
            {
                WNDCLASSEX  win_class;
                MSG         msg;

                g_inst = inst;

                
            // create window class and register it
                win_class.cbSize        = sizeof(win_class);
                win_class.style         = CS_CLASSDC;
                win_class.lpfnWndProc   = Window_Proc;
                win_class.cbClsExtra    = 0;
                win_class.cbWndExtra    = 0;
                win_class.hInstance     = inst;
                win_class.hIcon         = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
                win_class.hCursor       = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
                win_class.hbrBackground = NULL;
                win_class.lpszMenuName  = NULL;
                win_class.lpszClassName = g_class_name;
                win_class.hIconSm       = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);

                
            if(! RegisterClassEx(&win_class))
                    
            return FALSE;

                
            // create the main window
                g_hwnd = CreateWindow(g_class_name, g_caption, WS_CAPTION | WS_SYSMENU, 0, 0,
                                      WINDOW_WIDTH, WINDOW_HEIGHT, NULL, NULL, inst, NULL);

                
            if(g_hwnd == NULL)
                    
            return FALSE;

                ShowWindow(g_hwnd, SW_NORMAL);
                UpdateWindow(g_hwnd);

                
            // initialize game
                if(Do_Init() == FALSE)
                    
            return FALSE;

                
            // start message pump, waiting for signal to quit.
                ZeroMemory(&msg, sizeof(MSG));

                
            while(msg.message != WM_QUIT)
                {
                    
            if(PeekMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE))
                    {
                        TranslateMessage(&msg);
                        DispatchMessage(&msg);
                    }
                    
                    
            // draw a frame
                    if(Do_Frame() == FALSE)
                        
            break;
                }

                
            // run shutdown function
                Do_Shutdown();

                UnregisterClass(g_class_name, inst);
                
                
            return (int) msg.wParam;
            }

            效果圖:



            posted on 2007-07-03 22:37 lovedday 閱讀(2904) 評(píng)論(0)  編輯 收藏 引用 所屬分類(lèi): ■ DirectX 9 Program

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