天行健 君子當(dāng)自強(qiáng)而不息

本篇是用DirectX Audio和DirectShow播放聲音和音樂（1）的續(xù)篇。

開始使用主音頻緩存

讓緩存在程序啟動的時候開始播放可以節(jié)省不少處理器時間。因為內(nèi)存資源是有限的，特別是在硬件設(shè)備中，而你使用的數(shù)據(jù)緩存可能需要任意大小，因此主音頻緩沖區(qū)和輔助緩沖區(qū)使用環(huán)形緩存。

環(huán)形緩沖的示意圖如下：

因為數(shù)據(jù)緩沖是一個一維數(shù)組，所以可以讓這個緩沖區(qū)頭尾相接。這是一個十分強(qiáng)大的技術(shù)，利用這個技術(shù)我們可以節(jié)省大量的內(nèi)存。

聲音在進(jìn)行混音處理后，被送入環(huán)形主音頻緩存。一旦播放位置到達(dá)主音頻緩存的終點(diǎn)，聲音又從頭開始播放，這樣聲音就被無間隙地連續(xù)播放。如果想要使用緩存的這種循環(huán)特性，需要指定啟用循環(huán)播放的特性，若不然當(dāng)播放到緩沖區(qū)終點(diǎn)時，播放就停止了。

為了播放緩存中的音頻數(shù)據(jù)（在開啟循環(huán)選項的情況下播放），需要調(diào)用Play函數(shù)。

The Play method causes the sound buffer to play, starting at the play cursor.

HRESULT Play(
 DWORD dwReserved1,
 DWORD dwPriority,
 DWORD dwFlags
);

Parameters

dwReserved1

Reserved. Must be 0.

dwPriority

Priority for the sound, used by the voice manager when assigning hardware mixing resources. The lowest priority is 0, and the highest priority is 0xFFFFFFFF. If the buffer was not created with the DSBCAPS_LOCDEFER flag, this value must be 0.

dwFlags

Flags specifying how to play the buffer. The following flags are defined:

Looping flag

Value	Description
DSBPLAY_LOOPING	After the end of the audio buffer is reached, play restarts at the beginning of the buffer. Play continues until explicitly stopped. This flag must be set when playing a primary buffer.

Voice allocation flags

The voice allocation flags are valid only for buffers created with the DSBCAPS_LOCDEFER flag. One of the following flags can be used to force the processing of the sound into hardware or software. If neither DBSPLAY_LOCHARDWARE nor DBSPLAY_LOCSOFTWARE is set, the sound is played in either software or hardware, depending on the availability of resources at the time the method is called. See Remarks.

 

Value	Description
DSBPLAY_LOCHARDWARE	Play this voice in a hardware buffer only. If the hardware has no available voices and no voice management flags are set, the call to IDirectSoundBuffer8::Play fails. This flag cannot be combined with DSBPLAY_LOCSOFTWARE.
DSBPLAY_LOCSOFTWARE	Play this voice in a software buffer only. This flag cannot be combined with DSBPLAY_LOCHARDWARE or any voice management flag.

Voice management flags

The voice management flags are valid only for buffers created with the DSBCAPS_LOCDEFER flag, and are used for sounds that are to play in hardware. These flags enable hardware resources that are already in use to be yielded to the current sound. Only buffers created with the DSBCAPS_LOCDEFER flag are candidates for premature termination. See Remarks.

 

Value	Description
DSBPLAY_TERMINATEBY_TIME	If the hardware has no available voices, a currently playing nonlooping buffer will be stopped to make room for the new buffer. The buffer prematurely terminated is the one with the least time left to play.
DSBPLAY_TERMINATEBY_DISTANCE	If the hardware has no available voices, a currently playing buffer will be stopped to make room for the new buffer. The buffer prematurely terminated will be selected from buffers that have the buffer's DSBCAPS_ MUTE3DATMAXDISTANCE flag set and are beyond their maximum distance. If there are no such buffers, the method fails.
DSBPLAY_TERMINATEBY_PRIORITY	If the hardware has no available voices, a currently playing buffer will be stopped to make room for the new buffer. The buffer prematurely terminated will be the one with the lowest priority as set by the dwPriority parameter passed to IDirectSoundBuffer8::Play for the buffer.

 

Return Values

If the method succeeds, the return value is DS_OK. If the method fails, the return value may be one of the following error values:

Return code

DSERR_BUFFERLOST

DSERR_INVALIDCALL

DSERR_INVALIDPARAM

DSERR_PRIOLEVELNEEDED

當(dāng)完成主音頻緩存設(shè)置后（以及整個音響系統(tǒng)），如果想停止它，需要調(diào)用IDirectSoundBuffer::Stop。

The Stop method causes the sound buffer to stop playing.

HRESULT Stop();

Parameters

None.

Return Values

If the method succeeds, the return value is DS_OK. If the method fails, the return value may be one of the following error values:

Remarks

For secondary sound buffers, IDirectSoundBuffer8::Stop sets the play cursor to the sample that follows the last sample played. This means that when the Play method is next called on the buffer, it will continue playing where it left off.

For the primary buffer, if an application has the DSSCL_WRITEPRIMARY level, this method will stop the buffer and reset the play cursor to 0 (the beginning of the buffer). This is necessary because the primary buffers on most sound cards can play only from the beginning of the buffer.

However, if IDirectSoundBuffer8::Stop is called on a primary buffer and the application has a cooperative level other than DSSCL_WRITEPRIMARY, this method simply reverses the effects of IDirectSoundBuffer8::Play. It configures the primary buffer to stop if no secondary buffers are playing. If other buffers are playing in this or other applications, the primary buffer will not actually stop until they are stopped. This method is useful because playing the primary buffer consumes processing overhead even if the buffer is playing sound data with the amplitude of 0 decibels.

使用輔助音頻緩存

想要使用輔助音頻緩存的數(shù)據(jù)，需要將輔助音頻緩存中包含的數(shù)據(jù)填充到主音頻緩存，如下圖所示：

如果在主音頻緩存的同一區(qū)域?qū)懭雰啥我纛l數(shù)據(jù)，這兩段聲音就會被同時播放。輔助音頻緩存使用 IDirectSoundBuffer8接口，這個接口和IDirectSoundBuffer十分類似，實(shí)際上如果想要創(chuàng)建 IDirectSoundBuffer8接口，必須先創(chuàng)建IDirectSoundBuffer接口，然后通過請求新接口來獲取 IDirectSoundBuffer8接口。

創(chuàng)建輔助音頻緩存和創(chuàng)建主音頻緩存時主要的不同是必須在初始化時設(shè)置回放格式，這意味著緩沖區(qū)只能使用一種格式。如果希望使用另外的格式，必須釋放當(dāng)前的緩存，重新創(chuàng)建另外一個。

代碼示例：

 

鎖定和加載 --- 在緩沖區(qū)中加載數(shù)據(jù)

緩存接口有一對處理數(shù)據(jù)加載的函數(shù)。 IDirectSoundBuffer8::Lock函數(shù)鎖定音頻緩沖數(shù)據(jù)，并且找回指向緩沖區(qū)數(shù)據(jù)的數(shù)據(jù)指針； IDirectSoundBuffer8::Unlock釋放在鎖定操作中使用的資源。

當(dāng)鎖定緩存以后，就能對緩沖區(qū)進(jìn)行寫入操作。先告訴緩沖寫入偏移量的字節(jié)數(shù)、寫入位置、要寫入數(shù)據(jù)的字節(jié)數(shù)，寫入完成后返回兩個指向數(shù)據(jù)的指針以及寫入數(shù)據(jù)的字節(jié)數(shù)。為什么會有兩個指針和兩個數(shù)據(jù)大小呢？因為音頻數(shù)據(jù)緩沖區(qū)是環(huán)形的，寫入的數(shù)據(jù)也需要跨過起始位置。返回的第一個指針是請求的位置，第一個值是從請求的位置到結(jié)束所寫入的字節(jié)數(shù)，第二個指針通常是緩存區(qū)的起始位置，第二個值是從起點(diǎn)開始寫入的字節(jié)數(shù)。

這里有一個長度是 65536字節(jié)大小的緩沖區(qū)，這個緩沖區(qū)被鎖定，以便于寫入62000字節(jié)的數(shù)據(jù)。第一個指針處寫入了60000字節(jié)，第二個指針處還剩下2000字節(jié)，如下圖所示：



Lock函數(shù)使用信息如下：

The Lock method readies all or part of the buffer for a data write and returns pointers to which data can be written.

HRESULT Lock(
 DWORD dwOffset,
 DWORD dwBytes,
 LPVOID * ppvAudioPtr1,
 LPDWORD  pdwAudioBytes1,
 LPVOID * ppvAudioPtr2,
 LPDWORD pdwAudioBytes2,
 DWORD dwFlags
);

Parameters

dwOffset

Offset, in bytes, from the start of the buffer to the point where the lock begins. This parameter is ignored if DSBLOCK_FROMWRITECURSOR is specified in the dwFlags parameter.

dwBytes

Size, in bytes, of the portion of the buffer to lock. The buffer is conceptually circular, so this number can exceed the number of bytes between dwOffset and the end of the buffer.

ppvAudioPtr1

Address of a variable that receives a pointer to the first locked part of the buffer.

pdwAudioBytes1

Address of a variable that receives the number of bytes in the block at ppvAudioPtr1. If this value is less than dwBytes, the lock has wrapped and ppvAudioPtr2 points to a second block of data at the beginning of the buffer .

ppvAudioPtr2

Address of a variable that receives a pointer to the second locked part of the capture buffer. If NULL is returned, the ppvAudioPtr1 parameter points to the entire locked portion of the capture buffer.

pdwAudioBytes2

Address of a variable that receives the number of bytes in the block at ppvAudioPtr2. If ppvAudioPtr2 is NULL, this value is zero.

dwFlags

Flags modifying the lock event. The following flags are defined:

 

Value	Description
DSBLOCK_FROMWRITECURSOR	Start the lock at the write cursor. The dwOffset parameter is ignored.
DSBLOCK_ENTIREBUFFER	Lock the entire buffer. The dwBytes parameter is ignored.

 

Return Values

If the method succeeds, the return value is DS_OK. If the method fails, the return value may be one of the following error values:

Return code

DSERR_BUFFERLOST

DSERR_INVALIDCALL

DSERR_INVALIDPARAM

DSERR_PRIOLEVELNEEDED

Remarks

This method accepts an offset and a byte count, and returns two write pointers and their associated sizes. If the locked portion does not extend to the end of the buffer and wrap to the beginning, the second pointer, ppvAudioBytes2, receives NULL. If the lock does wrap, ppvAudioBytes2 points to the beginning of the buffer.

If the application passes NULL for the ppvAudioPtr2 and pdwAudioBytes2 parameters, the lock extends no further than the end of the buffer and does not wrap.

After writing data to the pointers returned by this method, the application must immediately call Unlock to notify DirectSound that the data is ready for playback. Failure to do so can cause audio breakup or silence on some sound device configurations.

This method returns write pointers only. The application should not try to read sound data from this pointer, because the data might not be valid. For example, if the buffer is located in on-card memory, the pointer might be an address to a temporary buffer in system memory. When IDirectSoundBuffer8::Unlock is called, the contents of this temporary buffer are transferred to the on-card memory.

以下這段代碼鎖定輔助音頻緩沖區(qū)，并且填充隨機(jī)數(shù)據(jù)。
 
填充完數(shù)據(jù)后，應(yīng)該給緩沖區(qū)解鎖，調(diào)用IDirectSoundBuffer8::Unlock解鎖。

The Unlock method releases a locked sound buffer.

HRESULT Unlock(
 LPVOID pvAudioPtr1,
 DWORD dwAudioBytes1,
 LPVOID pvAudioPtr2,
 DWORD dwAudioBytes2
);

Parameters

pvAudioPtr1

Address of the value retrieved in the ppvAudioPtr1 parameter of the Lock method.

dwAudioBytes1

Number of bytes written to the portion of the buffer at pvAudioPtr1. See Remarks.

pvAudioPtr2

Address of the value retrieved in the ppvAudioPtr2 parameter of the IDirectSoundBuffer8::Lock method.

dwAudioBytes2

Number of bytes written to the portion of the buffer at pvAudioPtr2. See Remarks.

Return Values

If the method succeeds, the return value is DS_OK. If the method fails, the return value may be one of the following error values:

Return code

DSERR_INVALIDCALL

DSERR_INVALIDPARAM

DSERR_PRIOLEVELNEEDED

Remarks

An application must pass both pointers, pvAudioPtr1 and pvAudioPtr2, returned by the IDirectSoundBuffer8::Lock method to ensure the correct pairing of IDirectSoundBuffer8::Lock and IDirectSoundBuffer8::Unlock. The second pointer is needed even if nothing was written to the second pointer.

The values in dwAudioBytes1 and dwAudioBytes2 must specify the number of bytes actually written to each part of the buffer, which might be less than the size of the lock. DirectSound uses these values to determine how much data to commit to the device.

以下代碼解鎖剛才鎖定的輔助音頻緩沖區(qū)：

播放緩沖區(qū)中的聲音

在輔助音頻緩沖區(qū)中播放音頻和在主音頻緩沖區(qū)中播放是一樣的，惟一不同的是這次需要設(shè)置播放的起始位置，通過IDirectSoundBuffer8:: SetCurrentPosition來設(shè)置。一般情況下，會選擇從緩沖的開頭播放，需要注意的是，停止播放一段音頻并不會重置播放位置，所以可以通過停止播放來達(dá)到暫停的目的，只需要再次調(diào)用播放函數(shù)來恢復(fù)播放。

The SetCurrentPosition method sets the position of the play cursor, which is the point at which the next byte of data is read from the buffer.

HRESULT SetCurrentPosition(
 DWORD dwNewPosition
);

Parameters

dwNewPosition

Offset of the play cursor, in bytes, from the beginning of the buffer.

Return Values

If the method succeeds, the return value is DS_OK. If the method fails, the return value may be one of the following error values:

Return code

DSERR_INVALIDCALL

DSERR_INVALIDPARAM

DSERR_PRIOLEVELNEEDED

Remarks

This method cannot be called on the primary buffer.

If the buffer is playing, the cursor immediately moves to the new position and play continues from that point. If it is not playing, playback will begin from the new position the next time the Play method is called.

改變音量

DirectSound 在播放聲音時按照采樣時的最大音量播放，加之受限于音頻硬件，所以沒有辦法讓音量變得更大，DirectSound只能讓音量變得更小些。這是通過減小聲音級別來完成的，這個級別的單位是百分之一分貝。范圍從0（最大音量）-- 10000（無聲），利用這個特性可以在程序中加入“淡入”或“淡出“的效果。

要調(diào)整音量，可以使用 IDirectSoundBuffer8::SetVolume函數(shù)。

The SetVolume method sets the attenuation of the sound.

HRESULT SetVolume(
 LONG lVolume
);

Parameters

lVolume

Attenuation, in hundredths of a decibel (dB).

Return Values

If the method succeeds, the return value is DS_OK. If the method fails, the return value may be one of the following error values:

Return code

DSERR_CONTROLUNAVAIL

DSERR_GENERIC

DSERR_INVALIDPARAM

DSERR_PRIOLEVELNEEDED

Remarks

Allowable values are between DSBVOLUME_MAX (no attenuation) and DSBVOLUME_MIN (silence). These values are defined in Dsound.h as 0 and ?10,000 respectively. The value DSBVOLUME_MAX represents the original, unadjusted volume of the stream. The value DSBVOLUME_MIN indicates an audio volume attenuated by 100 dB, which, for all practical purposes, is silence. DirectSound does not support amplification.

以下給出一個完整示例來運(yùn)用剛才學(xué)到的知識。

點(diǎn)擊下載源碼和工程

源碼示例：
 
運(yùn)行截圖：



閱讀下篇：用DirectX Audio和DirectShow播放聲音和音樂（3）