1、 運(yùn)算符重載的概念

      運(yùn)算符重載是C++的重要組成部分，它可以讓程序更加簡(jiǎn)單易懂，簡(jiǎn)單的運(yùn)算符可以使復(fù)雜函數(shù)的理解更直觀。對(duì)于普通對(duì)象來說可以使用算術(shù)運(yùn)算符讓它們參與計(jì)算，C++也允許為類的對(duì)象構(gòu)造運(yùn)算符來實(shí)現(xiàn)單目或雙目運(yùn)輸，這個(gè)特性就叫運(yùn)算符的重載。其實(shí)，任何使用運(yùn)算符完成的功能，使用普通的函數(shù)也能夠完成。運(yùn)算符的重載主要存在兩種形式，一種是作為類的友元函數(shù)進(jìn)行使用，另一種則是作為類的成員函數(shù)進(jìn)行使用。運(yùn)算符的重載的形式為：

返回類型 operator 運(yùn)算符符號(hào)（參數(shù)說明）
{     //函數(shù)體的內(nèi)部實(shí)現(xiàn)

}

2、 運(yùn)算符的運(yùn)算規(guī)則

      ①運(yùn)算符重載函數(shù)也是函數(shù)，重載的運(yùn)算符不會(huì)改變運(yùn)算符的優(yōu)先級(jí)、結(jié)合型和參數(shù)的個(gè)數(shù)。

      ②重載運(yùn)算符不能違反語(yǔ)言的語(yǔ)法規(guī)則。

      ③賦值運(yùn)算符除外，重載運(yùn)算符可由派生類繼承下去。

      ④重載運(yùn)算符不能使用默認(rèn)參數(shù)。

      ⑤運(yùn)算符=、()、[]和->可作為類成員運(yùn)算符，不能作為友元運(yùn)算符。

      ⑥運(yùn)算符“.”、“::”、“?:”不能重載。

      ⑦友元運(yùn)算符的參數(shù)規(guī)則與類成員運(yùn)算符的參數(shù)規(guī)則不同，一員運(yùn)算符必須顯示地聲明一個(gè)參數(shù)，二員運(yùn)算符必須顯示地聲明兩個(gè)參數(shù)。類成員運(yùn)算符重載時(shí)，參數(shù)中隱含了一個(gè)this指針。

3、 實(shí)例代碼
      1）下面是重載函數(shù)作為友元函數(shù)的形式

#include <iostream>
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
/**//*********************************************************/
/**//* 聲明復(fù)數(shù)類
/*********************************************************/
class Complex
{
public:
    //Attribute
    int x;
    int y;
    //Operator
    void SetX(int a){x=a;}
    void SetY(int b){y=b;}

    friend Complex operator +(Complex &, Complex &);
    friend Complex operator -(Complex &, Complex &);
    friend Complex operator *(Complex &, Complex &);
    friend Complex operator /(Complex &, Complex &);

    friend Complex operator ++(Complex &);//前置方式
    friend Complex operator ++(Complex &, int);//后置方式
};
// "+"重載運(yùn)算符
Complex operator +(Complex& temp1,Complex& temp2 )
{
    Complex ret;
    ret.x=temp1.x+temp2.x;
    ret.y=temp1.y+temp2.y;
    return ret;
}
// "-"重載運(yùn)算符
Complex operator -(Complex& temp1,Complex& temp2 )
{
    Complex ret;
    ret.x=temp1.x-temp2.x;
    ret.y=temp1.y-temp2.y;
    return ret;
}
// "*"重載運(yùn)算符
Complex operator *(Complex& temp1,Complex& temp2 )
{
    Complex ret;
    ret.x=temp1.x*temp2.x;
    ret.y=temp1.y*temp2.y;
    return ret;
}
// "/"重載運(yùn)算符
Complex operator /(Complex& temp1,Complex& temp2 )
{
    Complex ret;
    ret.x=temp1.x/temp2.x;
    ret.y=temp1.y/temp2.y;
    return ret;
}
// "++"前置運(yùn)算符
Complex operator ++(Complex& temp1)
{
    temp1.x=temp1.x+1;
    temp1.y=temp1.y+1;
    return temp1;
}
// "++"后置運(yùn)算符
Complex operator ++(Complex& temp1,int)
{
    temp1.x=temp1.x++;
    temp1.y=temp1.y++;
    return temp1;
}
//主函數(shù)()
int main()
{
    Complex Complex1;
    Complex Complex2;
    Complex Ret;

    Complex1.SetX(30);
    Complex1.SetY(40);

    Complex2.SetX(10);
    Complex2.SetY(20);

    cout<<"重載加法運(yùn)算"<<endl;
    Ret=Complex1+Complex2;
    cout<<"Ret.x="<<Ret.x<<endl;
    cout<<"Ret.y="<<Ret.y<<endl;

    cout<<"重載減法運(yùn)算"<<endl;
    Ret=Complex1-Complex2;
    cout<<"Ret.x="<<Ret.x<<endl;
    cout<<"Ret.y="<<Ret.y<<endl;

    cout<<"重載乘法運(yùn)算"<<endl;
    Ret=Complex1*Complex2;
    cout<<"Ret.x="<<Ret.x<<endl;
    cout<<"Ret.y="<<Ret.y<<endl;

    cout<<"重載除法運(yùn)算"<<endl;
    Ret=Complex1/Complex2;
    cout<<"Ret.x="<<Ret.x<<endl;
    cout<<"Ret.y="<<Ret.y<<endl;

    cout<<"前置++運(yùn)算"<<endl;
    Ret=++Complex1;
    cout<<"Ret.x="<<Ret.x<<endl;
    cout<<"Ret.y="<<Ret.y<<endl;

    cout<<"后置++運(yùn)算"<<endl;
    Ret=Complex1++;
    cout<<"Ret.x="<<Ret.x<<endl;
    cout<<"Ret.y="<<Ret.y<<endl;
    return 0;
}

      2）下面是重載函數(shù)作為成員函數(shù)的實(shí)例代碼：

#include <iostream>
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
/**//*********************************************************/
/**//* 聲明復(fù)數(shù)類
/*********************************************************/
class Complex
{
public:
    //Attribute
    int x;
    int y;
    //Operator
    void SetX(int a){x=a;}
    void SetY(int b){y=b;}
    //成員函數(shù)
    Complex operator +(Complex &);
    Complex operator -(Complex &);
    Complex operator *(Complex &);
    Complex operator /(Complex &);
    Complex& operator ++();//前置方式
    Complex& operator ++(int);//后置方式
};
// "+"重載運(yùn)算符
Complex Complex::operator +(Complex& temp1)
{
    Complex ret;
    ret.x=x+temp1.x;
    ret.y=y+temp1.y;
    return ret;
}
// "-"重載運(yùn)算符
Complex Complex::operator -(Complex& temp1)
{
    Complex ret;
    ret.x=x-temp1.x;
    ret.y=y-temp1.y;
    return ret;
}
// "*"重載運(yùn)算符
Complex Complex::operator *(Complex& temp1)
{
    Complex ret;
    ret.x=x*temp1.x;
    ret.y=y*temp1.y;
    return ret;
}
// "/"重載運(yùn)算符
Complex Complex::operator /(Complex& temp1)
{
    Complex ret;
    ret.x=x/temp1.x;
    ret.y=y/temp1.y;
    return ret;
}
// "++"前置運(yùn)算符
Complex& Complex::operator ++()
{
    x=x+1;
    y=y+1;
    return *this;
}
// "++"后置運(yùn)算符
Complex& Complex::operator ++(int)
{
    x=x++;
    y=y++;
    return *this;
}
//主函數(shù)()
int main()
{
    Complex Complex1;
    Complex Complex2;
    Complex Ret;

    Complex1.SetX(30);
    Complex1.SetY(40);

    Complex2.SetX(10);
    Complex2.SetY(20);

    cout<<"重載加法運(yùn)算"<<endl;
    Ret=Complex1+Complex2;
    cout<<"Ret.x="<<Ret.x<<endl;
    cout<<"Ret.y="<<Ret.y<<endl;

    cout<<"重載減法運(yùn)算"<<endl;
    Ret=Complex1-Complex2;
    cout<<"Ret.x="<<Ret.x<<endl;
    cout<<"Ret.y="<<Ret.y<<endl;

    cout<<"重載乘法運(yùn)算"<<endl;
    Ret=Complex1*Complex2;
    cout<<"Ret.x="<<Ret.x<<endl;
    cout<<"Ret.y="<<Ret.y<<endl;

    cout<<"重載除法運(yùn)算"<<endl;
    Ret=Complex1/Complex2;
    cout<<"Ret.x="<<Ret.x<<endl;
    cout<<"Ret.y="<<Ret.y<<endl;

    cout<<"前置++運(yùn)算"<<endl;
    Ret=++Complex1;
    cout<<"Ret.x="<<Ret.x<<endl;
    cout<<"Ret.y="<<Ret.y<<endl;

    cout<<"后置++運(yùn)算"<<endl;
    Ret=Complex2++;
    cout<<"Ret.x="<<Ret.x<<endl;
    cout<<"Ret.y="<<Ret.y<<endl;
    return 0;
}