php, apache, perl, bsddb都使用time33哈希.
最簡單的版本
uint32_t time33(char const *str, int len)
{
unsigned long hash = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
hash = hash *33 + (unsigned long) str[i];
}
return hash;
}
這個版本最可以體現time33的算法思路，夠簡單。
把乘法操作換成位操作
unsigned long time33(char const *str, int len)
{
unsigned long hash = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
hash = ((hash <<5) + hash) + (unsigned long) str[i];
}
return hash;
}
59個字符1000 0000次運行（gcc沒有開啟優化，因為開了優化后兩個函數的實際代碼會一樣)
第一個：
real 0m4.389s
user 0m4.388s
sys 0m0.000s
第二個：
real 0m4.137s
user 0m4.120s
sys 0m0.000s
gcc –O2優化后是
real 0m1.367s
user 0m1.360s
sys 0m0.000s
php版本
inline unsigned time33(char const*str, int len)
{
unsigned long hash = 5381;
/* variant with the hash unrolled eight times */
for (; len >= 8; len -= 8) {
hash = ((hash << 5) + hash) + *str++;
hash = ((hash << 5) + hash) + *str++;
hash = ((hash << 5) + hash) + *str++;
hash = ((hash << 5) + hash) + *str++;
hash = ((hash << 5) + hash) + *str++;
hash = ((hash << 5) + hash) + *str++;
hash = ((hash << 5) + hash) + *str++;
hash = ((hash << 5) + hash) + *str++;
}
switch (len) {
case 7: hash = ((hash << 5) + hash) + *str++; /* fallthrough */
case 6: hash = ((hash << 5) + hash) + *str++; /* fallthrough */
case 5: hash = ((hash << 5) + hash) + *str++; /* fallthrough */
case 4: hash = ((hash << 5) + hash) + *str++; /* fallthrough */
case 3: hash = ((hash << 5) + hash) + *str++; /* fallthrough */
case 2: hash = ((hash << 5) + hash) + *str++; /* fallthrough */
case 1: hash = ((hash << 5) + hash) + *str++; break;
case 0: break;
}
return hash;
}
59個字符,1000 0000次
real 0m1.088s
user 0m1.068s
sys 0m0.000s
速度提升主要在循環展開， 對于短字符，這個是不明顯的。
php版本的hash初始值是5381, 這個
Magic Constant 5381:
1. odd number
2. prime number
3. deficient number
4. 001/010/100/000/101 b
Apache版本
unsigned long time33(char const *str, int *len)
{
unsigned long hash = 0;
const char *p=str;
if (*len<=0) {
for(p = str; *p; p++) {
hash = hash * 33 + *p;
}
*len = p - str;
}
else {
int i = *len;
for (p = str;i; i--, p++) {
hash = hash * 33 + *p;
}
}
return hash;
}
測試結果
real 0m1.418s
user 0m1.412s
sys 0m0.004s
綜上，我的改進版本
#define likely(x) __builtin_expect((x),1)
#define unlikely(x) __builtin_expect((x),0)
//php版本
unsigned long time33(char const *str, int len=-1)
{
unsigned long hash = 5381;
/**//* variant with the hash unrolled eight times */
char const *p = str;
if (unlikely(len<0)) {
for(; *p; p++) {
hash = hash * 33 + *p;
}
return hash;
}
#define TIME33_HASH_MIXED_CH() hash = ((hash<<5)+hash) + *p++
for (; len >= 8; len -= 8) {
TIME33_HASH_MIXED_CH(); //1
TIME33_HASH_MIXED_CH(); //2
TIME33_HASH_MIXED_CH(); //3
TIME33_HASH_MIXED_CH(); //4
TIME33_HASH_MIXED_CH(); //5
TIME33_HASH_MIXED_CH(); //6
TIME33_HASH_MIXED_CH(); //7
TIME33_HASH_MIXED_CH(); //8
}
switch (len) {
case 7: TIME33_HASH_MIXED_CH(); /**//* fallthrough */
case 6: TIME33_HASH_MIXED_CH(); /**//* fallthrough */
case 5: TIME33_HASH_MIXED_CH(); /**//* fallthrough */
case 4: TIME33_HASH_MIXED_CH(); /**//* fallthrough */
case 3: TIME33_HASH_MIXED_CH(); /**//* fallthrough */
case 2: TIME33_HASH_MIXED_CH(); /**//* fallthrough */
case 1: TIME33_HASH_MIXED_CH(); break;
case 0: break;
}
return hash;
}
#undef TIME33_HASH_MIXED_CH
測試結果
real 0m1.072s
user 0m1.064s
sys 0m0.000s
測試過， 重復率在 1/2000。
為什么是33的倍數， PHP中注釋是
DJBX33A (Daniel J. Bernstein, Times 33 with Addition)
This is Daniel J. Bernstein's popular `times 33' hash function as
posted by him years ago on comp.lang.c. It basically uses a function
like ``hash(i) = hash(i-1) * 33 + str[i]''. This is one of the best
known hash functions for strings. Because it is both computed very
fast and distributes very well.
The magic of number 33, i.e. why it works better than many other
constants, prime or not, has never been adequately explained by
anyone. So I try an explanation: if one experimentally tests all
multipliers between 1 and 256 (as RSE did now) one detects that even
numbers are not useable at all. The remaining 128 odd numbers
(except for the number 1) work more or less all equally well. They
all distribute in an acceptable way and this way fill a hash table
with an average percent of approx. 86%.
If one compares the Chi^2 values of the variants, the number 33 not
even has the best value. But the number 33 and a few other equally
good numbers like 17, 31, 63, 127 and 129 have nevertheless a great
advantage to the remaining numbers in the large set of possible
multipliers: their multiply operation can be replaced by a faster
operation based on just one shift plus either a single addition
or subtraction operation. And because a hash function has to both
distribute good _and_ has to be very fast to compute, those few
numbers should be preferred and seems to be the reason why Daniel J.
Bernstein also preferred it.
-- Ralf S. Engelschall rse@engelschall.com
其它倍數
Ngix使用的是 time31
Tokyo Cabinet使用的是 time37
Bob在他的文章說，小寫英文詞匯適合33, 大小寫混合使用65。time33比較適合的是英文詞匯的hash.