引言
在面向對象類的設計中,有時為了強化效能,特別是當構造大量小對象時,為了改善內存碎片,就需要自己實現對象的內存管理,以替換系統缺省的分配和釋放行為,即全局的new和delete。按照c++標準,在定制類專屬的new和delete時,為了減免客戶代碼使用時的麻煩和問題,需要考慮同時定制
簡單(normal new)、
定位(placement new)和
無異常(nothrow new)三種new情形,以及與之配對的
三種delete情形,另外還有對應的
數組new[]和delete[]各三種情形。在接口設計上,每種情形都是operator new和operator delete的重載版本;在內存管理上,具體的對象空間分配和釋放是靈活的,因此這一部分可實現為策略模式,通過改變替換不同的內存管理策略,即可輕易獲得不同的內存分配和釋放行為,而類的代碼則無須改變。為了方便定制類的new和delete,可以從一個接口基類模板繼承而自動獲得這種特性。這個基類模板實現了單個對象的new、delete和對象數組的new、delete,而模板參數正是內存管理策略類,它的設計約束如下:
1)必須存在static成員方法
malloc和
free,其參數和返回值與C庫的malloc和free一致。
2)malloc只分配空間,若分配成功則不必初始化,否則失敗返回NULL,不能拋出異常,因為normal new的語義為對于分配失敗則拋出std::bad_alloc異常,而nothrow new則返回NULL,如此兩種方式兼備,有利于客戶代碼的按需靈活檢測;free只釋放或歸還空間。
3)malloc和free的內部實現是靈活的,由應用開發者定制。
組件
這里實現了
new_delete_policy_base和
object_pool_impl兩個基礎組件,代碼如下,前者是支持內存管理策略的定制new和delete接口基類模板,從該類繼承的子類其對象的構造和析構就被定制了;后者是支持內存管理策略的非侵入式對象池類模板,可直接用于構造某類的對象,包括內建的基本數據類型,而該類不必從new_delete_policy_base繼承。
1
template<class Alloc>
2
class new_delete_policy_base
3

{
4
public:
5
static void* operator new(size_t size) throw (std::bad_alloc)
6
{
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void* ptr = Alloc::malloc(size);
8
if(NULL==ptr)
{
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throw std::bad_alloc();
10
}
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return ptr;
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}
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static void* operator new(size_t size,void* ptr) throw()
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{ return ptr; }
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static void* operator new(size_t size,const std::nothrow_t&) throw()
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{ return Alloc::malloc(size); }
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static void operator delete(void* ptr) throw()
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{ Alloc::free(ptr); }
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static void operator delete(void* ptr, const std::nothrow_t&) throw()
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{ Alloc::free(ptr); }
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static void operator delete(void*, void*) throw()
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{ }
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static void* operator new[](size_t size) throw(std::bad_alloc)
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{ return operator new (size); }
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static void* operator new[](size_t size,void* ptr) throw()
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{ return ptr; }
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static void* operator new[](size_t size, const std::nothrow_t&) throw()
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{ return operator new (size, std::nothrow); }
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static void operator delete[](void* ptr) throw()
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{ operator delete (ptr); }
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static void operator delete[](void* ptr, const std::nothrow_t&) throw()
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{ operator delete (ptr); }
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static void operator delete[](void*, void*) throw()
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{ }
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};
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template<class Alloc>
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class object_pool_impl
50

{
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public:
52
template<typename T>
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static T* construct()
54
{
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T* const p = static_cast<T*>(Alloc::malloc(sizeof(T)));
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try
{ new (p) T(); }
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catch(
)
{ Alloc::free(p); throw; }
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return p;
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}
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template<typename T>
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static void destroy(T* const ptr)
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{
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ptr->~T();
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Alloc::free(ptr);
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}
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};
應用
下面代碼中的mem_pool是一種基于自由列表機制實現的內存池,quick_object從new_delete_policy_base<mem_pool>繼承,用于演示定制new和delete的行為,_THROW_EXCEPTION宏用于屏蔽代碼,測試當對象空間分配成功但構造函數拋出異常時,對應的operator delete是否得到調用,而保證釋放內存空間,normal_object是空類,它不從new_delete_policy_base<mem_pool>繼承,用于演示對象池構造和銷毀對象的行為。
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class quick_object : public new_delete_policy_base<mem_pool>
2

{
3
public:
4
quick_object()
5
{
6
#ifdef _THROW_EXCEPTION
7
throw 0;
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#endif
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cout << "quick_object()" << endl;
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}
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~quick_object()
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{
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cout << "~quick_object()" << endl;
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}
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};
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class normal_object
18

{
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public:
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normal_object()
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{
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cout << "normal_object()" << endl;
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}
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~normal_object()
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{
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cout << "~normal_object()" << endl;
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}
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};
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/**
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* the following code,if quick_object's construct function throw exception,then result in
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* c/c++ Run-time system call operator delete correspond to operator new automaticlly.
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*/
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static void unit_test_new_delete_policy()
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{
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quick_object* obj = NULL;
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try
{
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obj = new quick_object; //call simple new
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delete obj; //call simple delete
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}catch(
)
{
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//call simple delete
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}
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try
{
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obj = new (std::nothrow) quick_object; //call nothrow new
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delete obj; //call simple delete
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}catch(
)
{
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// call nothrow delete
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}
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try
{
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char ptr[sizeof(quick_object)];
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obj = new (ptr) quick_object; //call placement new
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}catch(
)
{
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//call placement delete
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}
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try
{
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obj = new quick_object[10]; //call simple new[]
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delete []obj; //call simple delete[]
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}catch(
)
{
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//call simple delete[]
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}
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try
{
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obj = new (std::nothrow) quick_object[10]; //call nothrow new[]
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delete []obj; //call simple delete[]
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}catch(
)
{
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//call nothrow delete[]
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}
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try
{
74
char ptr[sizeof(quick_object[10])];
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obj = new (ptr) quick_object[10]; //call placement new[]
76
}catch (
)
{
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//call placement delete[]
78
}
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}
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/**
82
* class quick_object is inherited from class new_delete_policy_base<mem_pool> that has implement
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* operator new and delete,so that call placement new in template member construct of class obj_pool.
84
*/
85
static void unit_test_obj_pool()
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{
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typedef object_pool_impl<mem_pool> obj_pool;
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try
{
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quick_object* obj = obj_pool::construct<quick_object>();
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obj_pool::destroy(obj);
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}catch (
)
{
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}
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//class normal_object's construct function do not throw exception.
96
normal_object* obj = obj_pool::construct<normal_object>();
97
obj_pool::destroy(obj);
98
}
posted on 2012-09-27 17:37
春秋十二月 閱讀(2080)
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C/C++