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【轉】IP, Internet Protocol

Protocol suite:	TCP/IP.
Protocol type:	Connectionless network layer protocol.
Ethertype:	0x0800.
URI:
MIME subtype:
SNMP MIBs:	iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib-2.ip (1.3.6.1.2.1.4) iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib-2.ipMIB (1.3.6.1.2.1.48) iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib-2.ipMRouteStdMIB (1.3.6.1.2.1.83)
Working groups:	16ng, IP over IEEE 802.16 Networks. bmwg, Benchmarking Methodology. diffserv, Differentiated Services. imss, Internet and Management Support for Storage. ip1394, IP Over IEEE 1394. ipdvb, IP over DVB. ipoib, IP over InfiniBand.
Links:	IANA: IP option numbers. IANA: IP protocol numbers. IANA: Differentiated Services Field Codepoints.

MAC header

IP header

Data :::

IP header:

00	04	08	16	19
Version	IHL	Differentiated Services	Total length
Identification			Flags	Fragment offset
TTL		Protocol	Header checksum
Source IP address
Destination IP address
Options and padding :::

Version. 4 bits.
Specifies the format of the IP packet header.

Version	Description
0	reserved.
1 2 3
4	IP, Internet Protocol.
5	ST, ST Datagram Mode.
6	SIP, Simple Internet Protocol. SIPP, Simple Internet Protocol Plus. IPv6, Internet Protocol.
7	TP/IX, The Next Internet.
8	PIP, The P Internet Protocol.
9	TUBA.
10 - 14
15	reserved.

IHL, Internet Header Length. 4 bits.
Specifies the length of the IP packet header in 32 bit words. The minimum value for a valid header is 5.

Differentiated Services. 8 bits.
This field is defined in RFC 2474 and obsoletes the TOS field.

00	01	02	03	04	05	06	07
Codepoint						unused

Codepoint. 6 bits.

Codepoint	Description	References
000000	CS0	RFC 2474
001000	CS1	RFC 2474
010000	CS2	RFC 2474
011000	CS3	RFC 2474
100000	CS4	RFC 2474
101000	CS5	RFC 2474
110000	CS6	RFC 2474
111000	CS7	RFC 2474
001010	Assured Forwarding 11	RFC 2597
001100	Assured Forwarding 12	RFC 2597
001110	Assured Forwarding 13	RFC 2597
010010	Assured Forwarding 21	RFC 2597
010100	Assured Forwarding 22	RFC 2597
010110	Assured Forwarding 23	RFC 2597
011010	Assured Forwarding 31	RFC 2597
011100	Assured Forwarding 32	RFC 2597
011110	Assured Forwarding 33	RFC 2597
100010	Assured Forwarding 41	RFC 2597
100100	Assured Forwarding 42	RFC 2597
100110	Assured Forwarding 43	RFC 2597
101110	Expedited Forwarding PHB	RFC 2598, RFC 3246

unused. 2 bits.

TOS, Type of Service. 8 bits.
Obsoleted by the Differentiated Services field. This field specifies the parameters for the type of service requested. The parameters may be utilized by networks to define the handling of the datagram during transport. The M bit was added to this field in RFC 1349.

00	01	02	03	04	05	06	07
Precedence			D	T	R	M	0

Precedence. 3 bits.

Value Description

0 Routine.

1 Priority.

2 Immediate.

3 Flash.

4 Flash override.

5 CRITIC/ECP.

6 Internetwork control.

7 Network control.

Value	Description
0	Routine.
1	Priority.
2	Immediate.
3	Flash.
4	Flash override.
5	CRITIC/ECP.
6	Internetwork control.
7	Network control.

D. 1 bit.
Minimize delay.

Value Description

0 Normal delay.

1 Low delay.

Value	Description
0	Normal delay.
1	Low delay.

T. 1 bit.
Maximize throughput.

Value Description

0 Normal throughput.

1 High throughput.

Value	Description
0	Normal throughput.
1	High throughput.

R. 1 bit.
Maximize reliability.

Value Description

0 Normal reliability.

1 High reliability.

Value	Description
0	Normal reliability.
1	High reliability.

M. 1 bit.
Minimize monetary cost.

Value Description

0 Normal monetary cost.

1 Minimize monetary cost.

Value	Description
0	Normal monetary cost.
1	Minimize monetary cost.

Total length. 16 bits.
Contains the length of the datagram.

Identification. 16 bits.
Used to identify the fragments of one datagram from those of another. The originating protocol module of an internet datagram sets the identification field to a value that must be unique for that source-destination pair and protocol for the time the datagram will be active in the internet system. The originating protocol module of a complete datagram clears the MF bit to zero and the Fragment Offset field to zero.

Flags. 3 bits.

00	01	02
R	DF	MF

R, reserved. 1 bit.
Should be cleared to 0.

DF, Don't fragment. 1 bit.
Controls the fragmentation of the datagram.

Value Description

0 Fragment if necessary.

1 Do not fragment.

MF, More fragments. 1 bit.
Indicates if the datagram contains additional fragments.

Value Description

0 This is the last fragment.

1 More fragments follow this fragment.

Value	Description
0	Fragment if necessary.
1	Do not fragment.

Value	Description
0	This is the last fragment.
1	More fragments follow this fragment.

Fragment Offset. 13 bits.
Used to direct the reassembly of a fragmented datagram.

TTL, Time to Live. 8 bits.
A timer field used to track the lifetime of the datagram. When the TTL field is decremented down to zero, the datagram is discarded.

Protocol. 8 bits.
This field specifies the next encapsulated protocol.

Value	Protocol	References
0	HOPOPT, IPv6 Hop-by-Hop Option.	RFC 1883
1	ICMP, Internet Control Message Protocol.	RFC 792
2	IGAP, IGMP for user Authentication Protocol. IGMP, Internet Group Management Protocol. RGMP, Router-port Group Management Protocol.	RFC 1112
3	GGP, Gateway to Gateway Protocol.	RFC 823
4	IP in IP encapsulation.	RFC 2003
5	ST, Internet Stream Protocol.	RFC 1190, RFC 1819
6	TCP, Transmission Control Protocol.	RFC 793
7	UCL, CBT.
8	EGP, Exterior Gateway Protocol.	RFC 888
9	IGRP, Interior Gateway Routing Protocol.
10	BBN RCC Monitoring.
11	NVP, Network Voice Protocol.	RFC 741
12	PUP.
13	ARGUS.
14	EMCON, Emission Control Protocol.
15	XNET, Cross Net Debugger.	IEN 158
16	Chaos.
17	UDP, User Datagram Protocol.	RFC 768
18	TMux, Transport Multiplexing Protocol.	IEN 90
19	DCN Measurement Subsystems.
20	HMP, Host Monitoring Protocol.	RFC 869
21	Packet Radio Measurement.
22	XEROX NS IDP.
23	Trunk-1.
24	Trunk-2.
25	Leaf-1.
26	Leaf-2.
27	RDP, Reliable Data Protocol.	RFC 908
28	IRTP, Internet Reliable Transaction Protocol.	RFC 938
29	ISO Transport Protocol Class 4.	RFC 905
30	NETBLT, Network Block Transfer.
31	MFE Network Services Protocol.
32	MERIT Internodal Protocol.
33	DCCP, Datagram Congestion Control Protocol.
34	Third Party Connect Protocol.
35	IDPR, Inter-Domain Policy Routing Protocol.
36	XTP, Xpress Transfer Protocol.
37	Datagram Delivery Protocol.
38	IDPR, Control Message Transport Protocol.
39	TP++ Transport Protocol.
40	IL Transport Protocol.
41	IPv6 over IPv4.	RFC 2473
42	SDRP, Source Demand Routing Protocol.
43	IPv6 Routing header.
44	IPv6 Fragment header.
45	IDRP, Inter-Domain Routing Protocol.
46	RSVP, Reservation Protocol.
47	GRE, General Routing Encapsulation.
48	DSR, Dynamic Source Routing Protocol.
49	BNA.
50	ESP, Encapsulating Security Payload.
51	AH, Authentication Header.
52	I-NLSP, Integrated Net Layer Security TUBA.
53	SWIPE, IP with Encryption.
54	NARP, NBMA Address Resolution Protocol.
55	Minimal Encapsulation Protocol.
56	TLSP, Transport Layer Security Protocol using Kryptonet key management.
57	SKIP.
58	ICMPv6, Internet Control Message Protocol for IPv6. MLD, Multicast Listener Discovery.
59	IPv6 No Next Header.
60	IPv6 Destination Options.
61	Any host internal protocol.
62	CFTP.
63	Any local network.
64	SATNET and Backroom EXPAK.
65	Kryptolan.
66	MIT Remote Virtual Disk Protocol.
67	Internet Pluribus Packet Core.
68	Any distributed file system.
69	SATNET Monitoring.
70	VISA Protocol.
71	Internet Packet Core Utility.
72	Computer Protocol Network Executive.
73	Computer Protocol Heart Beat.
74	Wang Span Network.
75	Packet Video Protocol.
76	Backroom SATNET Monitoring.
77	SUN ND PROTOCOL-Temporary.
78	WIDEBAND Monitoring.
79	WIDEBAND EXPAK.
80	ISO-IP.
81	VMTP, Versatile Message Transaction Protocol.
82	SECURE-VMTP
83	VINES.
84	TTP.
85	NSFNET-IGP.
86	Dissimilar Gateway Protocol.
87	TCF.
88	EIGRP.
89	OSPF, Open Shortest Path First Routing Protocol. MOSPF, Multicast Open Shortest Path First.
90	Sprite RPC Protocol.
91	Locus Address Resolution Protocol.
92	MTP, Multicast Transport Protocol.
93	AX.25.
94	IP-within-IP Encapsulation Protocol.
95	Mobile Internetworking Control Protocol.
96	Semaphore Communications Sec. Pro.
97	EtherIP.
98	Encapsulation Header.
99	Any private encryption scheme.
100	GMTP.
101	IFMP, Ipsilon Flow Management Protocol.
102	PNNI over IP.
103	PIM, Protocol Independent Multicast.
104	ARIS.
105	SCPS.
106	QNX.
107	Active Networks.
108	IPPCP, IP Payload Compression Protocol.	RFC 2393
109	SNP, Sitara Networks Protocol.
110	Compaq Peer Protocol.
111	IPX in IP.
112	VRRP, Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol.	RFC 3768, RFC 5798
113	PGM, Pragmatic General Multicast.
114	any 0-hop protocol.
115	L2TP, Level 2 Tunneling Protocol.
116	DDX, D-II Data Exchange.
117	IATP, Interactive Agent Transfer Protocol.
118	ST, Schedule Transfer.
119	SRP, SpectraLink Radio Protocol.
120	UTI.
121	SMP, Simple Message Protocol.
122	SM.
123	PTP, Performance Transparency Protocol.
124	ISIS over IPv4.
125	FIRE.
126	CRTP, Combat Radio Transport Protocol.
127	CRUDP, Combat Radio User Datagram.
128	SSCOPMCE.
129	IPLT.
130	SPS, Secure Packet Shield.
131	PIPE, Private IP Encapsulation within IP.
132	SCTP, Stream Control Transmission Protocol.
133	Fibre Channel.
134	RSVP-E2E-IGNORE.	RFC 3175
135	Mobility Header.	RFC 3775
136	UDP-Lite, Lightweight User Datagram Protocol.	RFC 3828
137	MPLS in IP.	RFC 4023
138	MANET protocols.	RFC 5498
139	HIP, Host Identity Protocol.	RFC 5201
140	Shim6, Level 3 Multihoming Shim Protocol for IPv6.	RFC 5533
141	WESP, Wrapped Encapsulating Security Payload.	RFC 5840
142	ROHC, Robust Header Compression.	RFC 5858
143 - 252
253 254	Experimentation and testing.
255	reserved.

Header checksum. 16 bits.
A 16 bit one's complement checksum of the IP header and IP options.

Source IP address. 32 bits.
IP address of the sender.

Destination IP address. 32 bits.
IP address of the intended receiver.

Options. Variable length.

00	01	02	03	04	05	06	07
C	Class		Option

C, Copy flag. 1 bit.
Indicates if the option is to be copied into all fragments.

Value Description

0 Do not copy.

1 Copy.

Value	Description
0	Do not copy.
1	Copy.

Class. 2 bits.

Value Description

0 Control.

1 Reserved.

2 Debugging and measurement.

3 Reserved.

Option. 5 bits.

Value	Description
0	Control.
1	Reserved.
2	Debugging and measurement.
3	Reserved.

Option Copy Class Value Length Description References

0 0 0 0 1 End of options list. RFC 791

1 0 0 1 1 NOP. RFC 791

2 1 0 130 11 Security. RFC 791, RFC 1108

3 1 0 131 variable Loose Source Route. RFC 791

4 0 2 68 variable Time stamp. RFC 781, RFC 791

5 1 0 133 3 to 31 Extended Security. RFC 1108

6 1 0 134 Commercial Security.

7 0 0 7 variable Record Route. RFC 791

8 1 0 136 4 Stream Identifier. RFC 791, RFC 1122

9 1 0 137 variable Strict Source Route. RFC 791

10 0 0 10 Experimental Measurement.

11 0 0 11 4 MTU Probe. (obsolete). RFC 1063

12 0 0 12 4 MTU Reply. (obsolete). RFC 1063

13 1 2 205 Experimental Flow Control.

14 1 0 142 Expermental Access Control.

15 0 0 15 ENCODE.

16 1 0 144 IMI Traffic Descriptor.

17 1 0 145 variable Extended Internet Protocol. RFC 1385

18 0 2 82 12 Traceroute. RFC 1393

19 1 0 147 10 Address Extension. RFC 1475

20 1 0 148 4 Router Alert. RFC 2113

21 1 0 149 6 to 38 Selective Directed Broadcast Mode. RFC 1770

22 1 0 150

23 1 0 151 Dynamic Packet State.

24 1 0 152 Upstream Multicast Packet.

25 0 0 25 QS, Quick-Start. RFC 4782

26
-
29

30 0 0 30 EXP - RFC3692-style Experiment. RFC 4727

30 0 2 94 EXP - RFC3692-style Experiment. RFC 4727

30 1 0 158 EXP - RFC3692-style Experiment RFC 4727

30 1 2 222 EXP - RFC3692-style Experiment. RFC 4727

31

Option	Copy	Class	Value	Length	Description	References
0	0	0	0	1	End of options list.	RFC 791
1	0	0	1	1	NOP.	RFC 791
2	1	0	130	11	Security.	RFC 791, RFC 1108
3	1	0	131	variable	Loose Source Route.	RFC 791
4	0	2	68	variable	Time stamp.	RFC 781, RFC 791
5	1	0	133	3 to 31	Extended Security.	RFC 1108
6	1	0	134		Commercial Security.
7	0	0	7	variable	Record Route.	RFC 791
8	1	0	136	4	Stream Identifier.	RFC 791, RFC 1122
9	1	0	137	variable	Strict Source Route.	RFC 791
10	0	0	10		Experimental Measurement.
11	0	0	11	4	MTU Probe. (obsolete).	RFC 1063
12	0	0	12	4	MTU Reply. (obsolete).	RFC 1063
13	1	2	205		Experimental Flow Control.
14	1	0	142		Expermental Access Control.
15	0	0	15		ENCODE.
16	1	0	144		IMI Traffic Descriptor.
17	1	0	145	variable	Extended Internet Protocol.	RFC 1385
18	0	2	82	12	Traceroute.	RFC 1393
19	1	0	147	10	Address Extension.	RFC 1475
20	1	0	148	4	Router Alert.	RFC 2113
21	1	0	149	6 to 38	Selective Directed Broadcast Mode.	RFC 1770
22	1	0	150
23	1	0	151		Dynamic Packet State.
24	1	0	152		Upstream Multicast Packet.
25	0	0	25		QS, Quick-Start.	RFC 4782
26 - 29
30	0	0	30		EXP - RFC3692-style Experiment.	RFC 4727
30	0	2	94		EXP - RFC3692-style Experiment.	RFC 4727
30	1	0	158		EXP - RFC3692-style Experiment	RFC 4727
30	1	2	222		EXP - RFC3692-style Experiment.	RFC 4727
31

Padding. Variable length.
Used as a filler to guarantee that the data starts on a 32 bit boundary.

Glossary:

Back-to-back.
(RFC 1242: 3.1) Fixed length frames presented at a rate such that there is the minimum legal separation for a given medium between frames over a short to medium period of time, starting from an idle state.

Bridge/router.
(RFC 1242: 3.3) A network device that can selectively function as a router and/or a bridge based on the protocol of a specific frame.

Constant Load.
(RFC 1242: 3.4) Fixed length frames at a fixed interval time.

Data link frame size.
(RFC 1242: 3.5) The number of bytes in the frame from the first byte following the preamble to the end of the FCS, if present, or to the last octet of the data if there is no FCS.

Differentiated Services.
(RFC 3140) Differentiated Services introduces the notion of Per Hop Behaviors (PHBs) that define how traffic belonging to a particular behavior aggregate is treated at an individual network node. In IP packet headers, PHBs are not indicated as such; instead Differentiated Services Codepoint (DSCP) values are used. There are only 64 possible DSCP values, but there is no such limit on the number of PHBs. In a given network domain, there is a locally defined mapping between DSCP values and PHBs. Standardized PHBs recommend a DSCP mapping, but network operators may choose alternative mappings.

Forward Tunnel.
(RFC 2344: 1.1) A tunnel that shuttles packets towards the mobile node. It starts at the home agent, and ends at the mobile node's care-of address.

Frame loss rate.
(RFC 1242: 3.6) Percentage of frames that should have been forwarded by a network device under steady state (constant) load that were not forwarded due to lack of resources.

Inter Frame Gap.
(RFC 1242: 3.7) The delay from the end of a data link frame to the start of the preamble of the next data link frame.

IPv4 internet address.
A 32 bit value that contains the network and host number fields. There are five classes of internet addresses: The class indicates the size of the network and host fields. Internet addresses are commonly displayed in dotted decimal notation format XXX.XXX.XXX.XXX.

Class	00	01	02	03	04	05	08	16	24
A	0	Network bits					Host bits
B	1	0	Network bits					Host bits
C	1	1	0	Network bits					Host bits
D	1	1	1	0	Multicast group
E	1	1	1	1	0	reserved

Internet address block allocation.

Block	Description
0.0.0.0/8	Addresses in this block refer to source hosts on "this" network. Address 0.0.0.0/32 may be used as a source address for this host on this network; other addresses within 0.0.0.0/8 may be used to refer to specified hosts on this network.
10.0.0.0/8	Private use networks. Addresses within this block should not appear on the public Internet.
14.0.0.0/8	Public Data Networks.
24.0.0.0/8	Cable television networks provisioning.
39.0.0.0/8	This block was used in the "Class A Subnet Experiment" that commenced in May 1995. The experiment has been completed and this block has been returned to the pool of addresses reserved for future allocation or assignment. This block therefore no longer has a special use and is subject to allocation to a Regional Internet Registry for assignment in the normal manner.
127.0.0.0/8	Loopback. A datagram sent by a higher level protocol to an address anywhere within this block should loop back inside the host. This is ordinarily implemented using only 127.0.0.1/32 for loopback, but no addresses within this block should ever appear on any network anywhere.
128.0.0.0/16	This block, corresponding to the numerically lowest of the former Class B addresses, was initially and is still reserved by the IANA. Given the present classless nature of the IP address space, the basis for the reservation no longer applies and addresses in this block are subject to future allocation to a Regional Internet Registry for assignment in the normal manner.
169.254.0.0/16	Link Local. It is allocated for communication between hosts on a single link. Hosts obtain these addresses by autoconfiguration, such as when a DHCP server may not be found.
172.16.0.0/12	Private use networks. Addresses within this block should not appear on the public Internet.
191.255.0.0/16	This block, corresponding to the numerically highest to the former Class B addresses, was initially and is still reserved by the IANA. Given the present classless nature of the IP address space, the basis for the reservation no longer applies and addresses in this block are subject to future allocation to a Regional Internet Registry for assignment in the normal manner.
192.0.0.0/24	This block, corresponding to the numerically lowest of the former Class C addresses, was initially and is still reserved by the IANA. Given the present classless nature of the IP address space, the basis for the reservation no longer applies and addresses in this block are subject to future allocation to a Regional Internet Registry for assignment in the normal manner.
192.0.2.0/24	Test-Net. It is often used in conjunction with domain names example.com or example.net in vendor and protocol documentation. Addresses within this block should not appear on the public Internet.
192.88.99.0/24	6to4 relay anycast.
192.168.0.0/16	Private use networks. Addresses within this block should not appear on the public Internet.
198.18.0.0/15	Network interconnect device benchmark testing.
223.255.255.0/24	This block, corresponding to the numerically highest of the former Class C addresses, was initially and is still reserved by the IANA. Given the present classless nature of the IP address space, the basis for the reservation no longer applies and addresses in this block are subject to future allocation to a Regional Internet Registry for assignment in the normal manner.
224.0.0.0/4	Multicast. Formerly known as the Class D address space, it is allocated for use in IPv4 multicast address assignments.
240.0.0.0/4	This block, formerly known as the Class E address space, is reserved. The "limited broadcast" destination address 255.255.255.255 should never be forwarded outside the (sub-)net of the source. The remainder of this space is reserved for future use.

Internet datagram.
The data header and message that are transmitted between internet hosts.

Internet fragment.
A part of the data message with intact header fields.

Latency.
(RFC 1242: 3.8) For store and forward devices: The time interval starting when the last bit of the input frame reaches the input port and ending when the first bit of the output frame is seen on the output port. For bit forwarding devices: The time interval starting when the end of the first bit of the input frame reaches the input port and ending when the start of the first bit of the output frame is seen on the output port.

Link Speed Mismatch.
(RFC 1242: 3.9) Speed mismatch between input and output data rates.

Multicast.

multihomed.
A node with multiple IP addresses.

MTU, Maximum Transmission Unit.

MTU-mismatch behavior.
The MTU of the output network is smaller than the MTU of the input network. This results in packet fragmentation.

Overhead behavior.
(RFC 1242: 3.11) Processing done other than that for normal data frames.

Overloaded behavior.
(RFC 1242: 3.12) When demand exceeds available system resources.

Policy based filtering.
(RFC 1242: 3.13) The process of discarding received frames by administrative decision where normal operation would be to forward them.

Restart behavior.
(RFC 1242: 3.14) Reinitialization of system causing data loss.

Reverse Tunnel.
(RFC 2344: 1.1) A tunnel that starts at the mobile node's care-of address and terminates at the home agent.

Route.

Routing.
An algorithm for moving frames between connected networks.

Single frame behavior.
(RFC 1242: 3.16) One frame received on the input to a device.

Subnet.

Throughput.
(RFC 1242: 3.17) The maximum rate at which none of the offered frames are dropped by the device.

posted on 2010-10-28 10:06 小默閱讀(656) 評論(0) 編輯收藏引用所屬分類: Network

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