最近看了Java 編程的動(dòng)態(tài)性，第 7 部分: 用 BCEL 設(shè)計(jì)字節(jié)碼，網(wǎng)址是http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/java/j-dyn0414/

其中的示范代碼解釋的不是很詳細(xì)，這方面的中文資料又少，只好自己花時(shí)間看下去。bcel的類庫(kù)卻是不夠友好，api文檔也是走馬觀花的點(diǎn)一下，很多函數(shù)沒有說(shuō)明。理解基本靠猜，還好有個(gè)示范代碼。下面對(duì)自己理解的東西做個(gè)記錄，詳細(xì)的代碼可以到上面的鏈接下載。


import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;

import org.apache.bcel.Constants;
import org.apache.bcel.classfile.ClassParser;
import org.apache.bcel.classfile.JavaClass;
import org.apache.bcel.classfile.Method;
import org.apache.bcel.generic.ClassGen;
import org.apache.bcel.generic.ConstantPoolGen;
import org.apache.bcel.generic.InstructionConstants;
import org.apache.bcel.generic.InstructionFactory;
import org.apache.bcel.generic.InstructionList;
import org.apache.bcel.generic.MethodGen;
import org.apache.bcel.generic.ObjectType;
import org.apache.bcel.generic.PUSH;
import org.apache.bcel.generic.Type;

public class BCELTiming {
??? /**
???? * Add timing wrapper to method of class. The method can accept any
???? * arguments and return any type (including void), but must be a normal
???? * (non-static, non-initializer) method to be used with this code as
???? * currently implemented. Handling the other types of methods would not
???? * involve any fundamental changes to the code.
???? *
???? * @param cgen
???? *??????????? generator for class being modified
???? * @param method
???? *??????????? current method to be enhanced with timing wrapper
???? */

??? private static void addWrapper(ClassGen cgen, Method method) {

??????? // set up the construction tools
??????? InstructionFactory ifact = new InstructionFactory(cgen);
??????? InstructionList ilist = new InstructionList();
??????? ConstantPoolGen pgen = cgen.getConstantPool();
??????? String cname = cgen.getClassName();
??????? MethodGen wrapgen = new MethodGen(method, cname, pgen);
??????? wrapgen.setInstructionList(ilist);

??????? // rename a copy of the original method
??????? MethodGen methgen = new MethodGen(method, cname, pgen);
??????? cgen.removeMethod(method);
??????? String iname = methgen.getName() + "$impl";
??????? methgen.setName(iname);
??????? cgen.addMethod(methgen.getMethod());
??????? //以上是一下初始化的工作
???????

??????? // compute the size of the calling parameters
??????? // operand stack操作數(shù)堆棧
??????? Type[] types = methgen.getArgumentTypes(); // 取出參數(shù)類型數(shù)組

??????? // solt代表本地變量的堆棧偏移量,里頭儲(chǔ)存了調(diào)用methen代表的函數(shù)的參數(shù)
??????? int slot = methgen.isStatic() ? 0 : 1; // 這種方式與Java如何處理方法調(diào)用有關(guān)。對(duì)于非靜態(tài)的方法，每次調(diào)用的第一個(gè)（隱藏的）參數(shù)是目標(biāo)對(duì)象的this引用（就是位置0儲(chǔ)存的內(nèi)容）。
??????? for (int i = 0; i < types.length; i++) {
??????????? slot += types[i].getSize();// 累計(jì)個(gè)個(gè)參數(shù)類型的長(zhǎng)度，
??????? }
??????? // 現(xiàn)在solt指向最后一個(gè)參數(shù)的下一個(gè)位置

??????? // save time prior to invocation
??????? // 調(diào)用靜態(tài)的long java.lang.System.currentTimeMillis()方法,調(diào)用結(jié)束后函數(shù)的返回的long類型的值會(huì)壓入operand stack操作數(shù)堆棧
??????? ilist.append(ifact.createInvoke("java.lang.System",
??????????????? "currentTimeMillis", Type.LONG, Type.NO_ARGS,
??????????????? Constants.INVOKESTATIC));
??????? ilist.append(InstructionFactory.createStore(Type.LONG, slot));// 將operand stack的top保存到本地變量堆棧的slot位置,operand stack彈出long值

??????? // call the wrapped method
??????? int offset = 0; // 偏移量
??????? short invoke = Constants.INVOKESTATIC; // 預(yù)先設(shè)置為調(diào)用靜態(tài)函數(shù)
??????? if (!methgen.isStatic()) { // 如果不是調(diào)用靜態(tài)函數(shù),將調(diào)用的第一個(gè)（隱藏的）參數(shù)(目標(biāo)對(duì)象的this引用)壓入operand stack
??????????? ilist.append(InstructionFactory.createLoad(Type.OBJECT, 0));
??????????? offset = 1;// 偏移量加1
??????????? invoke = Constants.INVOKEVIRTUAL;// 設(shè)置為調(diào)用非靜態(tài)函數(shù)
??????? }
??????? for (int i = 0; i < types.length; i++) { // 遍歷所有參數(shù)
??????????? Type type = types[i];
??????????? ilist.append(InstructionFactory.createLoad(type, offset)); // 按參數(shù)類型把參數(shù)一個(gè)個(gè)從本地變量堆棧取出，壓入operand stack
??????????? offset += type.getSize();
??????? }
??????? Type result = methgen.getReturnType();// 取得要調(diào)用函數(shù)的返回值類型
??????? ilist.append(ifact.createInvoke(cname, iname, result, types, invoke));// 調(diào)用方法名為iname的函數(shù)

??????? // store result for return later
??????? if (result != Type.VOID) {
??????????? ilist.append(InstructionFactory.createStore(result, slot + 2)); // 將名為iname的函數(shù)返回值復(fù)制到本地變量堆棧的slot+2的位置上
??????? }

??????? // print time required for method call
??????? // 獲取靜態(tài)對(duì)象java.lang.System.out的引用,返回值壓入operand stack
??????? ilist.append(ifact.createFieldAccess("java.lang.System", "out",
??????????????? new ObjectType("java.io.PrintStream"), Constants.GETSTATIC));
??????? ilist.append(InstructionConstants.DUP);// 取operand stack的top,壓入operand stack。完成后load_stack的頭兩個(gè)元素是靜態(tài)對(duì)象java.lang.System.out的引用
??????? ilist.append(InstructionConstants.DUP);// 取operand stack的top,壓入operand stack。現(xiàn)在有3個(gè)java.lang.System.out的引用。供下面3次調(diào)用out.print()函數(shù)使用
??????? String text = "Call to method " + methgen.getName() + " took ";
??????? ilist.append(new PUSH(pgen, text));// 將text放入pgen（代表常量池）,并把其在pgen的引用壓入operand stack(供out.print(Sting)調(diào)用的參數(shù))
??????? ilist.append(ifact.createInvoke("java.io.PrintStream", "print",
??????????????????????? Type.VOID, new Type[] { Type.STRING },
??????????????????????? Constants.INVOKEVIRTUAL));// 調(diào)用結(jié)束，operand stack彈出一個(gè)String的引用和一個(gè)out的引用(還剩2個(gè)out),函數(shù)沒有返回值

??????? ilist.append(ifact.createInvoke("java.lang.System",
??????????????? "currentTimeMillis", Type.LONG, Type.NO_ARGS,
??????????????? Constants.INVOKESTATIC));// 調(diào)用java.lang.System.currentTimeMillis()方法,調(diào)用結(jié)束后函數(shù)的返回的long類型的值會(huì)壓入堆棧operand stack
??????? ilist.append(InstructionFactory.createLoad(Type.LONG, slot));// 從本地變量堆棧的slot位置載入先前儲(chǔ)存的long值，壓入operand stack
??????? ilist.append(InstructionConstants.LSUB);// 調(diào)用long的減法指令,彈出2個(gè)long值，并把結(jié)果壓入operand stack,現(xiàn)在operand stack的top第一個(gè)是long，第二個(gè)是out的引用
??????? ilist.append(ifact.createInvoke("java.io.PrintStream", "print",
??????????????? Type.VOID, new Type[] { Type.LONG }, Constants.INVOKEVIRTUAL));// 調(diào)用out.print(long)方法
??????? ilist.append(new PUSH(pgen, " ms."));// 將String對(duì)象" ms."放入pgen,并把其在pgen的引用壓入operand stack(供out.print(Sting)調(diào)用的參數(shù))
??????? ilist
??????????????? .append(ifact.createInvoke("java.io.PrintStream", "println",
??????????????????????? Type.VOID, new Type[] { Type.STRING },
??????????????????????? Constants.INVOKEVIRTUAL));

??????? // return result from wrapped method call
??????? if (result != Type.VOID) {
??????????? ilist.append(InstructionFactory.createLoad(result, slot + 2));// 處理返回值,如果不為空，從本地對(duì)象堆棧的slot+2位置讀取指定類型的返回值壓入operand stack
??????? }
??????? ilist.append(InstructionFactory.createReturn(result)); //調(diào)用處理返回值的指令，result為返回值的類型

??????? //下面是一下掃尾工作
??????? // finalize the constructed method
??????? wrapgen.stripAttributes(true);
??????? wrapgen.setMaxStack();
??????? wrapgen.setMaxLocals();
??????? cgen.addMethod(wrapgen.getMethod());
??????? ilist.dispose();
??? }

??? public static void main(String[] argv) {
??????? if (argv.length == 2 && argv[0].endsWith(".class")) {
??????????? try {

??????????????? JavaClass jclas = new ClassParser(argv[0]).parse();
??????????????? ClassGen cgen = new ClassGen(jclas);
??????????????? Method[] methods = jclas.getMethods();
??????????????? int index;
??????????????? for (index = 0; index < methods.length; index++) {
??????????????????? if (methods[index].getName().equals(argv[1])) {
??????????????????????? break;
??????????????????? }
??????????????? }
??????????????? if (index < methods.length) {
??????????????????? addWrapper(cgen, methods[index]);
??????????????????? FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(argv[0]);
??????????????????? cgen.getJavaClass().dump(fos);
??????????????????? fos.close();
??????????????? } else {
??????????????????? System.err.println("Method " + argv[1] + " not found in "
??????????????????????????? + argv[0]);
??????????????? }
??????????? } catch (IOException ex) {
??????????????? ex.printStackTrace(System.err);
??????????? }

??????? } else {
??????????? System.out.println("Usage: BCELTiming class-file method-name");
??????? }
??? }
}


相對(duì)javassist，bcel確實(shí)比較復(fù)雜。但是bcel給我的感覺比較自由，有種一切盡在掌握的感覺，這一點(diǎn)比較我喜歡。
雖然自由，但是用bcel寫一個(gè)類的實(shí)現(xiàn)絕對(duì)不會(huì)是一件讓人開心的事情，如果碰巧你的實(shí)現(xiàn)又稍微復(fù)雜了點(diǎn)(比如實(shí)現(xiàn)了xx接口，又增加了一些函數(shù)和成員變量)。而且你的實(shí)現(xiàn)未必會(huì)比javac編譯出來(lái)的代碼效率高（不考慮jvm的動(dòng)態(tài)優(yōu)化）。
不過(guò)，先把你要實(shí)現(xiàn)的類的代碼寫出來(lái)，按照代碼來(lái)寫bcel的實(shí)現(xiàn)，會(huì)降低些實(shí)現(xiàn)難度。