reading note 2006-12

如何獲取漢字的拼音:
http://blog.csdn.net/cpu88/archive/2004/11/26/195315.aspx
步驟：
//得到拼音（包括多音）
?A:?? 用輸入法生成器(win2000)"C:\Program Files\Windows NT\Accessories\Imegen.exe"
?????? 逆轉換拼音輸入法文件C:\WINNT\SYSTEM32\WINPY.MB
????? 會生成一個C:\WINNT\SYSTEM32\WINPY.txt文件(簡稱 WINPY.txt文件)
B:?? WINPY.txt文件里面是??? 漢字拼音列表5萬多條 除去詞組 有漢字2萬多個（含多音）
C:?? 漢字可以轉換成某中編碼可以自己構造編碼方法,保證一個漢字對應一個編碼 簡稱編碼方法）
????? 如 byte[] uniCode = new String(temp).getBytes(“GB2312“);
????? 將WINPY.txt里面所有的漢字變成編碼。得到漢字編碼 拼音對應表（簡稱漢字編碼表）
??????? XXXX0,a??? //XXXX0是某個漢字的編碼
??????? XXYX2,o??? //XXYX2是某個漢字的編碼
?D:? 漢字編碼表按編碼排序，編碼表按編碼大小排序。
????? 編碼表分組（方便查詢 ） 而且得到分組的標志。
?E: 查詢漢字拼音? 將漢字進行編碼（按自己的編碼方法）。
????? 用編碼在編碼表中查詢就可以得到拼音，查詢時在編碼表中的某個分組中查詢，而不是在所有編碼中查詢。速度很快。
//得到首字符 如'北京'? 得到 'bj'??????????? '呆子'得到? 'd[a]z '? //多音
//排序? 有了拼音 就可以按一些常見的排序方法排序

如何在C++中集成Lua腳本(LuaPlus篇):
http://ly4cn.teeta.com/blog/data/44939.html
據(jù)說無法調用虛函數(shù)。有點暈。有空再看看。
http://luaplus.org/

字符串到其他格式的轉換:
CString ? timestr ? = ? "2000年04月05日"; ?
? int ? a,b,c ? ; ?
? sscanf(timestr.GetBuffer(timestr.GetLength()),"%d年%d月%d日",&a,&b,&c); ?
? CTime ? time(a,b,c,0,0,0);??
ANSI兼容，我太孤陋寡聞了...

RMI for c++?:
http://www.codeproject.com/threads/RMI_For_Cpp.asp
反正目前沒這個需要。

聲音引擎，audiere，支持跨平臺:
似乎挺不錯。
http://www.shnenglu.com/gogoplayer/archive/2006/11/29/15763.html
http://sourceforge.net/projects/audiere/
wxWidget的wxSound支持windows和unix。
其它關于sound:
http://www.opensound.com/oss.html
http://www.libsdl.org/

Why You Should Turn Down That Job Offer
http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9005602&pageNumber=1
You will be the fifth person to have held the job in the past three years.
Why is this job vacant?
Is the turnover rate high for this position?
What's typically the next career step for those with this job?
You will clash with the corporate culture.
You will be bored -- or overwhelmed -- in the role.
You will not be able to move forward.

may not be reason enough to turn down a job:
You will earn less than you did before.
You will be in the car for two hours each day.
You will receive a “demotion” in title.

計算Int最大最小值
http://www.shnenglu.com/Winux32/archive/2006/12/01/15853.html
通常我們會使用CRT提供給我們的一個頭文件<limits.h>中預定義宏INT_MAX, INT_MIN, UINT_MAX來定義int的最大最小值下邊給出由計算得出這些值的方法，其他數(shù)據(jù)類型同理
unsigned? int? GetUnsignedIntMax()
{
???? return?? ~ 0 ;
}

signed? int? GetSignedIntMax()
{
???? return? (static_cast < unsigned? int > ( ~ 0 ))? >>?? 1 ;
}

signed? int? GetSignedIntMin()
{
??? signed? int? i? =?? - 1 ;
??? if? (i? &?? 1 )
??? ??? return?? - ( (static_cast < unsigned? int > ( ~ 0 ))? >>?? 1? )? -?? 1 ;
??? else
??? ??? return?? - ( (static_cast < unsigned? int > ( ~ 0 ))? >>?? 1? );
}
稍微解釋一下，前兩個沒有什么好說的，最后一個要考慮是two complement還是one complement
如果是前者，有這樣一個計算公式，~X + 1= -X，即一個數(shù)取反加一表示這個數(shù)所對應的負數(shù)


How Skype & Co. get round firewalls
cool..
http://www.heise-security.co.uk/articles/82481
先Copy過來再說.

The hole trick

How Skype & Co. get round firewalls

Peer-to-peer software applications are a network administrator's nightmare. In order to be able to exchange packets with their counterpart as directly as possible they use subtle tricks to punch holes in firewalls, which shouldn't actually be letting in packets from the outside world.

Increasingly, computers are positioned behind firewalls to protect systems from internet threats. Ideally, the firewall function will be performed by a router, which also translates the PC's local network address to the public IP address (Network Address Translation, or NAT). This means an attacker cannot directly adress the PC from the outside - connections have to be established from the inside.

This is of course a problem when two computers behind NAT firewalls require to talk directly to each other - if, for example, their users want to call each other using Voice over IP (VoIP). The dilemma is clear - whichever party calls the other, the recipient's firewall will decline the apparent attack and will simply discard the data packets. The telephone call doesn't happen. Or at least that's what a network administrator would expect.

Punched

But anyone who has used the popular internet telephony software Skype knows that it works as smoothly behind a NAT firewall as it does if the PC is connected directly to the internet. The reason for this is that the inventors of Skype and similar software have come up with a solution.

Naturally every firewall must also let packets through into the local network - after all the user wants to view websites, read e-mails, etc. The firewall must therefore forward the relevant data packets from outside, to the workstation computer on the LAN. However it only does so, when it is convinced that a packet represents the response to an outgoing data packet. A NAT router therefore keeps tables of which internal computer has communicated with which external computer and which ports the two have used.

The trick used by VoIP software consists of persuading the firewall that a connection has been established, to which it should allocate subsequent incoming data packets. The fact that audio data for VoIP is sent using the connectionless UDP protocol acts to Skype's advantage. In contrast to TCP, which includes additional connection information in each packet, with UDP, a firewall sees only the addresses and ports of the source and destination systems. If, for an incoming UDP packet, these match an NAT table entry, it will pass the packet on to an internal computer with a clear conscience.

Switching

The switching server, with which both ends of a call are in constant contact, plays an important role when establishing a connection using Skype. This occurs via a TCP connection, which the clients themselves establish. The Skype server therefore always knows under what address a Skype user is currently available on the internet. Where possible the actual telephone connections do not run via the Skype server; rather, the clients exchange data directly.

Let's assume that Alice wants to call her friend Bob. Her Skype client tells the Skype server that she wants to do so. The Skype server already knows a bit about Alice. From the incoming query it sees that Alice is currently registered at the IP address 1.1.1.1 and a quick test reveals that her audio data always comes from UDP port 1414. The Skype server passes this information on to Bob's Skype client, which, according to its database, is currently registered at the IP address 2.2.2.2 and which, by preference uses UDP port 2828.

Bob's Skype program then punches a hole in its own network firewall: It sends a UDP packet to 1.1.1.1 port 1414. This is discarded by Alice's firewall, but Bob's firewall doesn't know that. It now thinks that anything which comes from 1.1.1.1 port 1414 and is addressed to Bob's IP address 2.2.2.2 and port 2828 is legitimate - it must be the response to the query which has just been sent.

Now the Skype server passes Bob's coordinates on to Alice, whose Skype application attempts to contact Bob at 2.2.2.2:2828. Bob's firewall sees the recognised sender address and passes the apparent response on to Bob's PC - and his Skype phone rings.

Doing the rounds

This description is of course somewhat simplified - the details depend on the specific properties of the firewalls used. But it corresponds in principle to our observations of the process of establishing a connection between two Skype clients, each of which was behind a Linux firewall. The firewalls were configured with NAT for a LAN and permitted outgoing UDP traffic.

Linux' NAT functions have the VoIP friendly property of, at least initially, not changing the ports of outgoing packets. The NAT router merely replaces the private, local IP address with its own address - the UDP source port selected by Skype is retained. Only when multiple clients on the local network use the same source port does the NAT router stick its oar in and reset the port to a previously unused value. This is because each set of two IP addresses and ports must be able to be unambiguously assigned to a connection between two computers at all times. The router will subsequently have to reconstruct the internal IP address of the original sender from the response packet's destination port.

Other NAT routers will try to assign ports in a specific range, for example ports from 30,000 onwards, and translate UDP port 1414, if possible, to 31414. This is, of course, no problem for Skype - the procedure described above continues to work in a similar manner without limitations.

It becomes a little more complicated if a firewall simply assigns ports in sequence, like Check Point's FireWall-1: the first connection is assigned 30001, the next 30002, etc. The Skype server knows that Bob is talking to it from port 31234, but the connection to Alice will run via a different port. But even here Skype is able to outwit the firewall. It simply runs through the ports above 31234 in sequence, hoping at some point to stumble on the right one. But if this doesn't work first go, Skype doesn't give up. Bob's Skype opens a new connection to the Skype server, the source port of which is then used for a further sequence of probes.

Nevertheless, in very active networks Alice may not find the correct, open port. The same also applies for a particular type of firewall, which assigns every new connection to a random source port. The Skype server is then unable to tell Alice where to look for a suitable hole in Bob's firewall.

However, even then, Skype doesn't give up. In such cases a Skype server is then used as a relay. It accepts incoming connections from both Alice and Bob and relays the packets onwards. This solution is always possible, as long as the firewall permits outgoing UDP traffic. It involves, however, an additional load on the infrastructure, because all audio data has to run through Skype's servers. The extended packet transmission times can also result in an unpleasant delay.

Use of the procedure described above is not limited to Skype and is known as "UDP hole punching". Other network services such as the Hamachi gaming VPN application, which relies on peer-to-peer communication between computers behind firewalls, use similar procedures. A more developed form has even made it to the rank of a standard - RFC 3489 "Simple Traversal of UDP through NAT" (STUN) describes a protocol which with two STUN clients can get around the restrictions of NAT with the help of a STUN server in many cases. The draft Traversal Using Relay NAT (TURN) protocol describes a possible standard for relay servers.

DIY hole punching

With a few small utilities, you can try out UDP hole punching for yourself. The tools required, hping2 and netcat, can be found in most Linux distributions. Local is a computer behind a Linux firewall (local-fw) with a stateful firewall which only permits outgoing (UDP) connections. For simplicity, in our test the test computer remote was connected directly to the internet with no firewall.

Firstly start a UDP listener on UDP port 14141 on the local/1 console behind the firewall:

local/1# nc -u -l -p 14141

An external computer "remote" then attempts to contact it.

remote# echo "hello" | nc -p 53 -u local-fw 14141

However, as expected nothing is received on local/1 and, thanks to the firewall, nothing is returned to remote. Now on a second console, local/2, hping2, our universal tool for generating IP packets, punches a hole in the firewall:

local/2# hping2 -c 1 -2 -s 14141 -p 53 remote

As long as remote is behaving itself, it will send back a "port unreachable" response via ICMP - however this is of no consequence. On the second attempt

remote# echo "hello" | nc -p 53 -u local-fw 14141

the netcat listener on console local/1 then coughs up a "hello" - the UDP packet from outside has passed through the firewall and arrived at the computer behind it.

Network administrators who do not appreciate this sort of hole in their firewall and are worried about abuse, are left with only one option - they have to block outgoing UDP traffic, or limit it to essential individual cases. UDP is not required for normal internet communication anyway - the web, e-mail and suchlike all use TCP. Streaming protocols may, however, encounter problems, as they often use UDP because of the reduced overhead.

Astonishingly, hole punching also works with TCP. After an outgoing SYN packet the firewall / NAT router will forward incoming packets with suitable IP addresses and ports to the LAN even if they fail to confirm, or confirm the wrong sequence number (ACK). Linux firewalls at least, clearly fail to evaluate this information consistently. Establishing a TCP connection in this way is, however, not quite so simple, because Alice does not have the sequence number sent in Bob's first packet. The packet containing this information was discarded by her firewall.

HashCode推薦算法
《Effective Java》
1,int result = 17;
2,對每個重要數(shù)據(jù)成員(Equals中用到的)，計算int c:
boolean : c = f?0:1;
byte,int,char,short : c = (int)f
long c = (int)(f^(f>>>32));
float : c = Float.floatToIntBits(f);
double : long l = (int)(f^(f>>>32));c = (int)(l^(l>>>32));
其它reference : c = f.hashCode();
3,result = 37*result+c;

正則表達式語法
翻遍了MSDN2002中關于正則表達式的文章，居然找不到正則表達式語法，氣死我了。
貼過來。轉載自某人的轉載的轉載的轉載....

　　正則表達式(regular expression)描述了一種字符串匹配的模式，可以用來檢查一個串是否含有某種子串、將匹配的子串做替換或者從某個串中取出符合某個條件的子串等。
　　列目錄時，　dir *.txt或ls *.txt中的*.txt就不是一個正則表達式,因為這里*與正則式的*的含義是不同的。

　　為便于理解和記憶，先從一些概念入手，所有特殊字符或字符組合有一個總表在后面，最后一些例子供理解相應的概念。

正則表達式

　　是由普通字符（例如字符 a 到 z）以及特殊字符（稱為元字符）組成的文字模式。正則表達式作為一個模板，將某個字符模式與所搜索的字符串進行匹配。
　　可以通過在一對分隔符之間放入表達式模式的各種組件來構造一個正則表達式，即/expression/

普通字符

　　由所有那些未顯式指定為元字符的打印和非打印字符組成。這包括所有的大寫和小寫字母字符，所有數(shù)字，所有標點符號以及一些符號。

非打印字符

字符	含義
\cx	匹配由x指明的控制字符。例如， \cM 匹配一個 Control-M 或回車符。x 的值必須為 A-Z 或 a-z 之一。否則，將 c 視為一個原義的 'c' 字符。
\f	匹配一個換頁符。等價于 \x0c 和 \cL。
\n	匹配一個換行符。等價于 \x0a 和 \cJ。
\r	匹配一個回車符。等價于 \x0d 和 \cM。
\s	匹配任何空白字符，包括空格、制表符、換頁符等等。等價于 [ \f\n\r\t\v]。
\S	匹配任何非空白字符。等價于 [^ \f\n\r\t\v]。
\t	匹配一個制表符。等價于 \x09 和 \cI。
\v	匹配一個垂直制表符。等價于 \x0b 和 \cK。

特殊字符

　　所謂特殊字符，就是一些有特殊含義的字符，如上面說的"*.txt"中的*，簡單的說就是表示任何字符串的意思。如果要查找文件名中有＊的文件，則需要對＊進行轉義，即在其前加一個\。ls \*.txt。正則表達式有以下特殊字符。

特別字符	說明
$	匹配輸入字符串的結尾位置。如果設置了 RegExp 對象的 Multiline 屬性，則 $ 也匹配 '\n' 或 '\r'。要匹配 $ 字符本身，請使用 \$。
( )	標記一個子表達式的開始和結束位置。子表達式可以獲取供以后使用。要匹配這些字符，請使用 \( 和 \)。
*	匹配前面的子表達式零次或多次。要匹配 * 字符，請使用 \*。
+	匹配前面的子表達式一次或多次。要匹配 + 字符，請使用 \+。
.	匹配除換行符 \n之外的任何單字符。要匹配 .，請使用 \。
[	標記一個中括號表達式的開始。要匹配 [，請使用 \[。
?	匹配前面的子表達式零次或一次，或指明一個非貪婪限定符。要匹配 ? 字符，請使用 \?。
\
^	匹配輸入字符串的開始位置，除非在方括號表達式中使用，此時它表示不接受該字符集合。要匹配 ^ 字符本身，請使用 \^。
{	標記限定符表達式的開始。要匹配 {，請使用 \{。
|	指明兩項之間的一個選擇。要匹配 |，請使用 \|。

　　構造正則表達式的方法和創(chuàng)建數(shù)學表達式的方法一樣。也就是用多種元字符與操作符將小的表達式結合在一起來創(chuàng)建更大的表達式。正則表達式的組件可以是單個的字符、字符集合、字符范圍、字符間的選擇或者所有這些組件的任意組合。

限定符

　　限定符用來指定正則表達式的一個給定組件必須要出現(xiàn)多少次才能滿足匹配。有*或+或?或{n}或{n,}或{n,m}共6種。
*、+和?限定符都是貪婪的，因為它們會盡可能多的匹配文字，只有在它們的后面加上一個?就可以實現(xiàn)非貪婪或最小匹配。
　　正則表達式的限定符有：

字符	描述
*	匹配前面的子表達式零次或多次。例如，zo* 能匹配 "z" 以及 "zoo"。* 等價于{0,}。
+
?
{n}	n 是一個非負整數(shù)。匹配確定的 n 次。例如，'o{2}' 不能匹配 "Bob" 中的 'o'，但是能匹配 "food" 中的兩個 o。
{n,}	n 是一個非負整數(shù)。至少匹配n 次。例如，'o{2,}' 不能匹配 "Bob" 中的 'o'，但能匹配 "foooood" 中的所有 o。'o{1,}' 等價于 'o+'。'o{0,}' 則等價于 'o*'。
{n,m}	m 和 n 均為非負整數(shù)，其中n <= m。最少匹配 n 次且最多匹配 m 次。例如，"o{1,3}" 將匹配 "fooooood" 中的前三個 o。'o{0,1}' 等價于 'o?'。請注意在逗號和兩個數(shù)之間不能有空格。

定位符

　　用來描述字符串或單詞的邊界，^和$分別指字符串的開始與結束，\b描述單詞的前或后邊界，\B表示非單詞邊界。不能對定位符使用限定符。

選擇

　　用圓括號將所有選擇項括起來，相鄰的選擇項之間用|分隔。但用圓括號會有一個副作用，是相關的匹配會被緩存，此時可用?:放在第一個選項前來消除這種副作用。
　　其中?:是非捕獲元之一，還有兩個非捕獲元是?=和?!，這兩個還有更多的含義，前者為正向預查，在任何開始匹配圓括號內的正則表達式模式的位置來匹配搜索字符串，后者為負向預查，在任何開始不匹配該正則表達式模式的位置來匹配搜索字符串。

后向引用

　　對一個正則表達式模式或部分模式兩邊添加圓括號將導致相關匹配存儲到一個臨時緩沖區(qū)中，所捕獲的每個子匹配都按照在正則表達式模式中從左至右所遇到的 內容存儲。存儲子匹配的緩沖區(qū)編號從 1 開始，連續(xù)編號直至最大 99 個子表達式。每個緩沖區(qū)都可以使用 '\n' 訪問，其中 n 為一個標識特定緩沖區(qū)的一位或兩位十進制數(shù)。
　　可以使用非捕獲元字符 '?:', '?=', or '?!' 來忽略對相關匹配的保存。

各種操作符的運算優(yōu)先級

　　相同優(yōu)先級的從左到右進行運算，不同優(yōu)先級的運算先高后低。各種操作符的優(yōu)先級從高到低如下：

操作符	描述
\	轉義符
(), (?:), (?=), []	圓括號和方括號
*, +, ?, {n}, {n,}, {n,m}	限定符
^, $, \anymetacharacter	位置和順序
|	“或”操作

全部符號解釋

字符	描述
\	將下一個字符標記為一個特殊字符、或一個原義字符、或一個 向后引用、或一個八進制轉義符。例如，'n' 匹配字符 "n"。'\n' 匹配一個換行符。序列 '\\' 匹配 "\" 而 "\(" 則匹配 "("。
^	匹配輸入字符串的開始位置。如果設置了 RegExp 對象的 Multiline 屬性，^ 也匹配 '\n' 或 '\r' 之后的位置。
$	匹配輸入字符串的結束位置。如果設置了RegExp 對象的 Multiline 屬性，$ 也匹配 '\n' 或 '\r' 之前的位置。
*	匹配前面的子表達式零次或多次。例如，zo* 能匹配 "z" 以及 "zoo"。* 等價于{0,}。
+
?
{n}	n 是一個非負整數(shù)。匹配確定的 n 次。例如，'o{2}' 不能匹配 "Bob" 中的 'o'，但是能匹配 "food" 中的兩個 o。
{n,}	n 是一個非負整數(shù)。至少匹配n 次。例如，'o{2,}' 不能匹配 "Bob" 中的 'o'，但能匹配 "foooood" 中的所有 o。'o{1,}' 等價于 'o+'。'o{0,}' 則等價于 'o*'。
{n,m}	m 和 n 均為非負整數(shù)，其中n <= m。最少匹配 n 次且最多匹配 m 次。例如，"o{1,3}" 將匹配 "fooooood" 中的前三個 o。'o{0,1}' 等價于 'o?'。請注意在逗號和兩個數(shù)之間不能有空格。
?	當 該字符緊跟在任何一個其他限制符 (*, +, ?, {n}, {n,}, {n,m}) 后面時，匹配模式是非貪婪的。非貪婪模式盡可能少的匹配所搜索的字符串，而默認的貪婪模式則盡可能多的匹配所搜索的字符串。例如，對于字符串 "oooo"，'o+?' 將匹配單個 "o"，而 'o+' 將匹配所有 'o'。
.
(pattern)	匹配 pattern 并獲取這一匹配。所獲取的匹配可以從產生的 Matches 集合得到，在VBScript 中使用 SubMatches 集合，在JScript 中則使用 $0…$9 屬性。要匹配圓括號字符，請使用 '\(' 或 '\)'。
(?:pattern)	匹 配 pattern 但不獲取匹配結果，也就是說這是一個非獲取匹配，不進行存儲供以后使用。這在使用 "或" 字符 (|) 來組合一個模式的各個部分是很有用。例如， 'industr(?:y|ies) 就是一個比 'industry|industries' 更簡略的表達式。
(?=pattern)	正 向預查，在任何匹配 pattern 的字符串開始處匹配查找字符串。這是一個非獲取匹配，也就是說，該匹配不需要獲取供以后使用。例如，'Windows (?=95|98|NT|2000)' 能匹配 "Windows 2000" 中的 "Windows" ，但不能匹配 "Windows 3.1" 中的 "Windows"。預查不消耗字符，也就是說，在一個匹配發(fā)生后，在最后一次匹配之后立即開始下一次匹配的搜索，而不是從包含預查的字符之后開始。
(?!pattern)	負 向預查，在任何不匹配 pattern 的字符串開始處匹配查找字符串。這是一個非獲取匹配，也就是說，該匹配不需要獲取供以后使用。例如'Windows (?!95|98|NT|2000)' 能匹配 "Windows 3.1" 中的 "Windows"，但不能匹配 "Windows 2000" 中的 "Windows"。預查不消耗字符，也就是說，在一個匹配發(fā)生后，在最后一次匹配之后立即開始下一次匹配的搜索，而不是從包含預查的字符之后開始
x|y	匹配 x 或 y。例如，'z|food' 能匹配 "z" 或 "food"。'(z|f)ood' 則匹配 "zood" 或 "food"。
[xyz]
[^xyz]
[a-z]
[^a-z]
\b
\B
\cx	匹配由 x 指明的控制字符。例如， \cM 匹配一個 Control-M 或回車符。x 的值必須為 A-Z 或 a-z 之一。否則，將 c 視為一個原義的 'c' 字符。
\d	匹配一個數(shù)字字符。等價于 [0-9]。
\D	匹配一個非數(shù)字字符。等價于 [^0-9]。
\f	匹配一個換頁符。等價于 \x0c 和 \cL。
\n	匹配一個換行符。等價于 \x0a 和 \cJ。
\r	匹配一個回車符。等價于 \x0d 和 \cM。
\s	匹配任何空白字符，包括空格、制表符、換頁符等等。等價于 [ \f\n\r\t\v]。
\S	匹配任何非空白字符。等價于 [^ \f\n\r\t\v]。
\t	匹配一個制表符。等價于 \x09 和 \cI。
\v	匹配一個垂直制表符。等價于 \x0b 和 \cK。
\w
\W
\xn	匹配 n，其中 n 為十六進制轉義值。十六進制轉義值必須為確定的兩個數(shù)字長。例如，'\x41' 匹配 "A"。'\x041' 則等價于 '\x04' & "1"。正則表達式中可以使用 ASCII 編碼。.
\num	匹配 num，其中 num 是一個正整數(shù)。對所獲取的匹配的引用。例如，'(.)\1' 匹配兩個連續(xù)的相同字符。
\n	標識一個八進制轉義值或一個向后引用。如果 \n 之前至少 n 個獲取的子表達式，則 n 為向后引用。否則，如果 n 為八進制數(shù)字 (0-7)，則 n 為一個八進制轉義值。
\nm	標 識一個八進制轉義值或一個向后引用。如果 \nm 之前至少有 nm 個獲得子表達式，則 nm 為向后引用。如果 \nm 之前至少有 n 個獲取，則 n 為一個后跟文字 m 的向后引用。如果前面的條件都不滿足，若 n 和 m 均為八進制數(shù)字 (0-7)，則 \nm 將匹配八進制轉義值 nm。
\nml	如果 n 為八進制數(shù)字 (0-3)，且 m 和 l 均為八進制數(shù)字 (0-7)，則匹配八進制轉義值 nml。
\un	匹配 n，其中 n 是一個用四個十六進制數(shù)字表示的 Unicode 字符。例如， \u00A9 匹配版權符號 (?)。

部分例子

正則表達式	說明
/\b([a-z]+) \1\b/gi	一個單詞連續(xù)出現(xiàn)的位置
/(\w+):\/\/([^/:]+)(:\d*)?([^# ]*)/	將一個URL解析為協(xié)議、域、端口及相對路徑
/^(?:Chapter|Section) [1-9][0-9]{0,1}$/	定位章節(jié)的位置
/[-a-z]/	A至z共26個字母再加一個-號。
/ter\b/	可匹配chapter，而不能terminal
/\Bapt/	可匹配chapter，而不能aptitude
/Windows(?=95 |98 |NT )/	可匹配Windows95或Windows98或WindowsNT,當找到一個匹配后，從Windows后面開始進行下一次的檢索匹配。

posted on 2006-12-03 00:28 brent 閱讀(688) 評論(0)  編輯 收藏 引用 所屬分類: reading note