眾所周知,C程序的主函數(shù)有兩個(gè)參數(shù),其中,第一個(gè)參數(shù)是整型,可以獲得包括程序名字的參數(shù)個(gè)數(shù),第二個(gè)參數(shù)是字符數(shù)組指針或字符指針的指針,可以按順序獲得命令行上各個(gè)字符串參數(shù)。其原形是:
int main(int argc, char *argv[]);
或者
int main(int argc, char **argv);
如果有一個(gè)解析CDR的程序,名叫destroy,負(fù)責(zé)將一個(gè)二進(jìn)制格式的CDR文件轉(zhuǎn)換為文本文件,輸出的文本的樣式由另外一個(gè)描述文件定義,那么,命令行要求輸入的參數(shù)就有三個(gè):CDR文件名、輸出文件名和描述文件名。其中,前兩個(gè)參數(shù)是必須輸入的,第三個(gè)的描述文件名可以不輸入,程序會(huì)自動(dòng)采用默認(rèn)的輸出樣式。很自然,主函數(shù)的三個(gè)參數(shù)就應(yīng)該這樣排列:
./destroy cdr cdr.txt [cdr.desc]
這樣做在一般情況下不會(huì)有太大問題,問題來源于擴(kuò)展性的需求。如果有一天,用戶要求解析程序能夠按關(guān)鍵字解析,只有含有關(guān)鍵字的CDR才能夠輸出。解決方法很簡(jiǎn)單,只要在參數(shù)列表的最后,加上它就可以了。不過,這樣就使得原本可選的描述文件名變?yōu)楸仨気斎耄?/p>
./destroy cdr cdr.txt cdr.desc [keyword]
因?yàn)椴桓牡脑挘憔筒恢溃谌齻€(gè)參數(shù)究竟是描述文件名,還是關(guān)鍵字。現(xiàn)在還算好辦,如果以后陸續(xù)有增加參數(shù)的需求,關(guān)鍵字也變成必須輸入了,這個(gè)時(shí)候,如果要查找全部CDR,你還得定義一個(gè)“特殊的關(guān)鍵字”,告訴程序,把數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)統(tǒng)給我撈出來……
有鑒于此,在Unix/Linux的正式的項(xiàng)目上,程序員通常會(huì)使用getopt()或者getopt_long()來獲得輸入的參數(shù)。兩者的一個(gè)區(qū)別在于getopt()只支持短格式參數(shù),而getopt_long()既支持短格式參數(shù),又支持長(zhǎng)格式參數(shù)。
短格式:./destroy -f cdr -o cdr.txt -c cdr.desc -k 123456
長(zhǎng)格式:./destroy --file cdr --output cdr.txt --config cdr.desc --keyword 123456
引入了getopt()和getopt_long()的項(xiàng)目,設(shè)計(jì)者可以按需要,方便地增加參數(shù),或者隨意地放置參數(shù)的先后次序,只需要在程序中判斷,哪些參數(shù)是必須的就可以了。關(guān)于這兩個(gè)函數(shù)的用法,大家可以上網(wǎng)搜索一下,不再累述。附件destroy_linux.c給出了在Linux下使用getopt_long()的實(shí)例。
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <getopt.h>


void print_usage(const char *program_name) {
printf("%s 1.0.0 (2010-06-13)\n", program_name);
printf("This is a program decoding a BER encoded CDR file\n");
printf("Usage: %s -f <file_name> -o <output_name> [-c <config_name>] [-k <keyword>]\n", program_name);
printf(" -f --file the CDR file to be decoded\n");
printf(" -o --output the output file in plain text format\n");
printf(" -c --config the description file of the CDR file, if not given, use default configuration\n");
printf(" -k --keyword the keyword to search, if not given, all records will be written into output file\n");
}


int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
char *file_name = NULL;
char *output_name = NULL;
char *config_name = NULL;
char *keyword = NULL;

const char *short_opts = "hf:o:c:k:";

const struct option long_opts[] = {

{"help", no_argument, NULL, 'h'},

{"file", required_argument, NULL, 'f'},

{"output", required_argument, NULL, 'o'},

{"config", required_argument, NULL, 'c'},

{"keyword", required_argument, NULL, 'k'},

{0, 0, 0, 0}
};
int hflag = 0;

int c;
opterr = 0;


while ( (c = getopt_long(argc, argv, short_opts, long_opts, NULL)) != -1 ) {

switch ( c ) {
case 'h' :
hflag = 1;
break;
case 'f' :
file_name = optarg;
break;
case 'o' :
output_name = optarg;
break;
case 'c' :
config_name = optarg;
break;
case 'k' :
keyword = optarg;
break;
case '?' :
if ( optopt == 'f' || optopt == 'o' || optopt == 'c' || optopt == 'k' )
printf("Error: option -%c requires an argument\n", optopt);
else if ( isprint(optopt) )
printf("Error: unknown option '-%c'\n", optopt);
else
printf("Error: unknown option character '\\x%x'\n", optopt);
return 1;
default :
abort();
}
}


if ( hflag || argc == 1 ) {
print_usage(argv[0]);
return 0;
}

if ( !file_name ) {
printf("Error: file name must be specified\n");
return 1;
}

if ( !output_name ) {
printf("Error: output name must be specified\n");
return 1;
}

// if not setting default, Linux OK, but SunOS core dump
if ( !config_name ) config_name = "(null)";
if ( !keyword ) keyword = "(null)";
printf("Parameters got: file_name = %s, output_name = %s, config_name = %s, keyword = %s\n", file_name, output_name, config_name, keyword);
return 0;
}
另外一個(gè)區(qū)別是,getopt()幾乎通用于所有類Unix系統(tǒng),而getopt_long()只有在GNU的Unix/Linux下才能用。如果把上述程序放到Tru64上編譯,就會(huì)出現(xiàn)以下錯(cuò)誤:
cc -o destroy destroy_linux.c
cc: Error: destroy_linux.c, line 24: In the initializer for long_opts, an array's element type is incomplete, which precludes its initialization. (incompelinit)
{"help", no_argument, NULL, 'h'},
----------------^
所以,如果一定要在Tru64等非GNU的OS上做到長(zhǎng)格式的效果,除了自己另起爐灶之外,基本上只好借助一些跨平臺(tái)的開源項(xiàng)目了。附件里的getopt_long.c和getopt.h是從opensolaris的網(wǎng)站上抄下來的,是包含在sg3_utils軟件包中的程序。sg3_utils具體是什么,我也不知道,據(jù)說是一個(gè)Linux的開發(fā)包,用來直接使用SCSI命令集訪問設(shè)備。(sg3_utils is a package of utilities for accessing devices that use SCSI command sets.)反正拿來能用就是了!
點(diǎn)擊下載getopt_long
拿過來后,把他們放到與destroy_linux.c同一目錄下,只需要把destroy_linux.c的頭文件改一個(gè)地方,#include <getopt.h>改為#include “getopt.h”,就能夠編譯運(yùn)行了。而且,這樣改好后,不僅在Tru64上能運(yùn)行,在Linux、SunOS上也能運(yùn)行。
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include "getopt.h"


void print_usage(const char *program_name) {
printf("%s 1.0.0 (2010-06-13)\n", program_name);
printf("This is a program decoding a BER encoded CDR file\n");
printf("Usage: %s -f <file_name> -o <output_name> [-c <config_name>] [-k <keyword>]\n", program_name);
printf(" -f --file the CDR file to be decoded\n");
printf(" -o --output the output file in plain text format\n");
printf(" -c --config the description file of the CDR file, if not given, use default configuration\n");
printf(" -k --keyword the keyword to search, if not given, all records will be written into output file\n");
}


int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
char *file_name = NULL;
char *output_name = NULL;
char *config_name = NULL;
char *keyword = NULL;

const char *short_opts = "hf:o:c:k:";

const struct option long_opts[] = {

{"help", no_argument, NULL, 'h'},

{"file", required_argument, NULL, 'f'},

{"output", required_argument, NULL, 'o'},

{"config", required_argument, NULL, 'c'},

{"keyword", required_argument, NULL, 'k'},

{0, 0, 0, 0}
};
int hflag = 0;

int c;
opterr = 0;


while ( (c = getopt_long(argc, argv, short_opts, long_opts, NULL)) != -1 ) {

switch ( c ) {
case 'h' :
hflag = 1;
break;
case 'f' :
file_name = optarg;
break;
case 'o' :
output_name = optarg;
break;
case 'c' :
config_name = optarg;
break;
case 'k' :
keyword = optarg;
break;
case '?' :
if ( optopt == 'f' || optopt == 'o' || optopt == 'c' || optopt == 'k' )
printf("Error: option -%c requires an argument\n", optopt);
else if ( isprint(optopt) )
printf("Error: unknown option '-%c'\n", optopt);
else
printf("Error: unknown option character '\\x%x'\n", optopt);
return 1;
default :
abort();
}
}


if ( hflag || argc == 1 ) {
print_usage(argv[0]);
return 0;
}

if ( !file_name ) {
printf("Error: file name must be specified\n");
return 1;
}

if ( !output_name ) {
printf("Error: output name must be specified\n");
return 1;
}

// if not setting default, Linux OK, but SunOS core dump
if ( !config_name ) config_name = "(null)";
if ( !keyword ) keyword = "(null)";
printf("Parameters got: file_name = %s, output_name = %s, config_name = %s, keyword = %s\n", file_name, output_name, config_name, keyword);
return 0;
}
Linux下編譯
-bash-3.2$ gcc -o destroy destroy.c getopt_long.c
短格式,全部輸入
-bash-3.2$ ./destroy -f aaa -o aaa.txt -c ccc -k 222
Parameters got: file_name = aaa, output_name = aaa.txt, config_name = ccc, keyword = 222
前兩個(gè)長(zhǎng)格式,后兩個(gè)短格式
-bash-3.2$ ./destroy --file aaa --output aaa.txt -c ccc -k 222
Parameters got: file_name = aaa, output_name = aaa.txt, config_name = ccc, keyword = 222
漏掉一個(gè)必須輸入的參數(shù)會(huì)報(bào)錯(cuò)
-bash-3.2$ ./destroy -output aaa.txt
Error: file name must be specified
次序隨意,長(zhǎng)短混用
-bash-3.2$ ./destroy -c ccc -o aaa.txt -k 222 --file aaa
Parameters got: file_name = aaa, output_name = aaa.txt, config_name = ccc, keyword = 222
題外話,#include <filename.h>與#include “filename.h”有什么區(qū)別,是面試C程序員經(jīng)常問到的一個(gè)問題。答案大家都知道了,#include <filename.h>,編譯器從標(biāo)準(zhǔn)庫(kù)路徑搜索filename.h,而#include “filename.h”,編譯器從用戶的工作路徑搜索filename.h。
此外,網(wǎng)上也有人說從glibc(http://sourceware.org/glibc/)上把getopt.h、getopt.c和getoptl.c拿過來也能夠用。我也試過,但是不清楚什么原因不成功。
在這個(gè)小實(shí)驗(yàn)的過程中,還發(fā)現(xiàn)了C語言在各個(gè)OS下的一些細(xì)小差異,比如destroy.c里,79行到82行:
// if not setting default, Linux OK, but SunOS core dump
if ( !config_name ) config_name = "(null)";
if ( !keyword ) keyword = "(null)";
printf("Parameters got: file_name = %s, output_name = %s, config_name = %s, keyword = %s\n", file_name, output_name, config_name, keyword);
如果不設(shè)置空指針的默認(rèn)值,Linux和Tru64都會(huì)自動(dòng)幫你轉(zhuǎn)換而避免運(yùn)行時(shí)錯(cuò)誤,但是SunOS不會(huì),它會(huì)死給你看。
./destroy -f aaa -o aaa.txt
Segmentation Fault (core dumped)
再比如,第62行的abort()在頭文件stdlib.h中定義,如果不包含此文件,SunOS與Tru64編譯都沒問題,Linux編譯時(shí)會(huì)警告:
warning: incompatible implicit declaration of built-in function abort
由此看來,雖然C也公認(rèn)是可移植性比較好的語言,但是在跨平臺(tái)的項(xiàng)目中,也應(yīng)該注意這些微小的差別。
本文來自CSDN博客,轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)標(biāo)明出處:http://blog.csdn.net/yui/archive/2010/06/13/5669922.aspx