源文件下載地址：http://python.net/~gherman/projects/buildpkg/
當前記錄版本號為: 0.3
Readme
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Readme
buildpkg.py -- A Python tool to build OS X packages for Apple's Installer.app.
Purpose
This is a Python tool for building packages to be installed with the Mac OS X Installer.app application. It is much inspired by Apple's GUI tool called PackageMaker.app, which is part of the OS X developer tools installed in /Developer/Applications. There are other free GUI tools to do the same thing (1), (2). This tool has no GUI which is a feature and not a bug.
Version
The current version is 0.3.
License
The current license for this version is the "BSD License" as described by the Open Source Initiative (7).
About Apples's Installer.app
Apple has defined its own format for software packages to be installed on an OS X system. This format stems originally from the Mach/NeXTSTEP operating system of which OS X is a direct successor. The shape of such a package is basically a set of nested directories with the top-level one having the extension .pkg (or .mpkg). It contains one archive compressed with "pax", plus a set of further files describing the package content, plus additional optional scripts to be run during installation. Unfortunately, Apple does not fully document all features of its Installer or announces changes in the package layout.
Features of buildpkg.py
The essential work performed by buildpkg.py for a new package named <PACKAGE> is to:
- create a package directory <PACKAGE>.pkg/ plus its entire layout (subdirectories)
- add a file <PACKAGE>.pkg/<PACKAGE>.info containing the installation options
- add "bill of materials" file <PACKAGE>.pkg/<PACKAGE>.bom (using "mkbom")
- add the source root directory as <PACKAGE>.pkg/<PACKAGE>.pax.gz
- add optional resources to <PACKAGE>.pkg/Contents/Resources
- add a file <PACKAGE>.pkg/<PACKAGE>.sizes indicating the total size of the installed package
Among the optional resource files there are the Welcome, ReadMe and License files (either in .txt, .rtf, .rtfd/ or .html format) shown during installation. These can also be inside localization bundles, like English.lproj/ or German.lproj/). Other resources will mostly be installation scripts (e.g. preflight, <PACKAGE>.{pre,post}-{upgrade,install}, postflight, and probably others as well) called by the installer at the appropriate moment.
buildpkg.py does not try to be smart enough to filter only the relevant files from the resources you indicate. It simply copies them into the package.
Command-line usage
The intended use of the buildpkg.py script is both, as a command-line tool and as a Python module which can be imported in other Python programs (with "distutils" being the most obvious Python candidate package).
- Call the program without any options/arguments
darwin% python buildpkg.py
No argument given!
Usage: buildpkg.py <opts1> [<opts2>] <root> [<resources>]
with arguments:
(mandatory) root: the package root folder
(optional) resources: the package resources folder
and options:
(mandatory) opts1:
--Title
--Version
--Description
(optional) opts2: (with default values)
--Application: 'NO'
--DefaultLocation: '/'
--DeleteWarning: ''
--DisableStop: 'NO'
--Diskname: '(null)'
--InstallFat: 'NO'
--InstallOnly: 'NO'
--NeedsAuthorization: 'NO'
--Relocatable: 'YES'
--Required: 'NO'
--RequiresReboot: 'NO'
--UseUserMask: 'YES'
- Call the program with only the mandatory options and arguments
darwin% python buildpkg.py --Title=readline-4.3 --Version=4.3\
--Description="GNU Readline Library" /my/space/readline-4.3
- As above but with additional option --RequiresReboot YES
darwin% python buildpkg.py --Title=readline-4.3 --Version=4.3\
--Description="GNU Readline Library" --RequiresReboot YES\
/my/space/readline-4.3
- As above but with additional resources directory argument (will copy its content into /my/space/readline-4.3/pkg/Contents/Resources/)
darwin% python buildpkg.py --Title=readline-4.3 --Version=4.3\
--Description="GNU Readline Library" --RequiresReboot YES\
/my/space/readline-4.3 /my/space/resources/readline/
Usage as a Python module
- Create a readline-4.3.pkg from a folder containing the GNU Readline library sources:
pm = PackageMaker("readline-4.3", "4.3", "GNU Readline Library")
pm.build("/my/space/readline-4.3")
- As above but with additional option --RequiresReboot YES
pm = PackageMaker("readline-4.3", "4.3", "GNU Readline Library")
pm.build("/my/space/readline-4.3", RequiresReboot="YES")
- As above but with additional resources directory argument (will copy its content into /my/space/readline-4.3/pkg/Contents/Resources/)
pm = PackageMaker("readline-4.3", "4.3", "GNU Readline Library")
pm.build("/my/space/readline-4.3", "/my/space/resources/readline/")
- As above but with additional single resource file
pm = PackageMaker("readline-4.3", "4.3", "GNU Readline Library")
pm.build("/my/space/readline-4.3", "/my/space/resources/readline/")
pm.addResource("/my/space/resources/scripts/postflight")
Notes
Although the package layout is adopted from pre-10.2 versions of OS X, the Installer.app on 10.2 should have no problems in dealing with the resulting packages. For the time being this layout seems sufficient enough, so there is no point in dealing with creating packages that can be installed only by the new Installer.app!
Given that such packages have a directory "shape", they are not suited for downloading over the internet. Hence, they need to be flattened somehow into a single binary file. This could be a .tar.gz, which is possible but unusual on OS X (for reasons not described here). On OS X there is a dedicated format named "Disk Image" with extension .dmg which represents an archive that can be directly mounted into the filesystem. Creating such disk images without GUI tools is somewhat of a black art (6).
For now you should be able to run buildpkg.py even on a non-OS X system and get something similar to a package, but without the real archive (needs pax) and bom files (needs mkbom) inside! This is only for providing a chance for testing to folks without OS X.
Beware of the multi-package features of Installer.app (which are not yet supported here) that can potentially screw-up your installation and are discussed in two articles on Stepwise (4). At least for versions of OS X prior to 10.2 this seemed to be a concern.
Todo
- test pre-process and post-process scripts
- handle meta-packages (extension .mpkg)
- integrate into distutils
- use alternatives for "pax" (2)
Links
(1) Brian Hill's PackageMaker:
http://personalpages.tds.net/~brian_hill/packagemaker.html
(2) Chris Roberts's OSXPM:
http://www.osxgnu.org/
(3) BSD License:
http://opensource.org/licenses/bsd-license.php
(4) Stepwise articles:
http://www.stepwise.com/Articles/Technical/Packages/InstallerWoes.html
http://www.stepwise.com/Articles/Technical/Packages/InstallerOnX.html
(5) http://developer.apple.com/techpubs/macosx/Essentials/SystemOverview/InstallIntegrate/Installing__Application.html
http://developer.apple.com/techpubs/macosx/ReleaseNotes/PackageMaker.html
(6) Andrew Stone's notes on creating disk images:
http://www.stone.com/The_Cocoa_Files/Just_Ship_it_.html
(7) Open Source Initiative, BSD License:
http://opensource.org/licenses/bsd-license.php
Dinu C. Gherman,
gherman@europemail.com
September 2002
src
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1
#!/usr/bin/env python
2
3"""buildpkg.py -- Build OS X packages for Apple's Installer.app.
4
5This is an experimental command-line tool for building packages to be
6installed with the Mac OS X Installer.app application.
7
8Please read the file ReadMe.txt for more information!
9
10Dinu C. Gherman,
11gherman@europemail.com
12September 2002
13
14!! USE AT YOUR OWN RISK !!
15"""
16
17__version__ = 0.3
18__license__ = "FreeBSD"
19
20
21import os, sys, glob, fnmatch, shutil, string, copy, getopt
22from os.path import basename, dirname, join, islink, isdir, isfile
23
24Error = "buildpkg.Error"
25
26PKG_INFO_FIELDS = """\
27Title
28Version
29Description
30DefaultLocation
31Diskname
32DeleteWarning
33NeedsAuthorization
34DisableStop
35UseUserMask
36Application
37Relocatable
38Required
39InstallOnly
40RequiresReboot
41InstallFat\
42"""
43
44######################################################################
45# Helpers
46######################################################################
47
48# Convenience class, as suggested by /F.
49
50class GlobDirectoryWalker:
51 "A forward iterator that traverses files in a directory tree."
52
53 def __init__(self, directory, pattern="*"):
54 self.stack = [directory]
55 self.pattern = pattern
56 self.files = []
57 self.index = 0
58
59
60 def __getitem__(self, index):
61 while 1:
62 try:
63 file = self.files[self.index]
64 self.index = self.index + 1
65 except IndexError:
66 # pop next directory from stack
67 self.directory = self.stack.pop()
68 self.files = os.listdir(self.directory)
69 self.index = 0
70 else:
71 # got a filename
72 fullname = join(self.directory, file)
73 if isdir(fullname) and not islink(fullname):
74 self.stack.append(fullname)
75 if fnmatch.fnmatch(file, self.pattern):
76 return fullname
77
78
79######################################################################
80# The real thing
81######################################################################
82
83class PackageMaker:
84 """A class to generate packages for Mac OS X.
85
86 This is intended to create OS X packages (with extension .pkg)
87 containing archives of arbitrary files that the Installer.app
88 (Apple's OS X installer) will be able to handle.
89
90 As of now, PackageMaker instances need to be created with the
91 title, version and description of the package to be built.
92
93 The package is built after calling the instance method
94 build(root, resources, **options). The generated package is
95 a folder hierarchy with the top-level folder name equal to the
96 constructor's title argument plus a '.pkg' extension. This final
97 package is stored in the current folder.
98
99 The sources from the root folder will be stored in the package
100 as a compressed archive, while all files and folders from the
101 resources folder will be added to the package as they are.
102
103 Example:
104
105 With /my/space being the current directory, the following will
106 create /my/space/distutils-1.0.2.pkg/:
107
108 PM = PackageMaker
109 pm = PM("distutils-1.0.2", "1.0.2", "Python distutils.")
110 pm.build("/my/space/sources/distutils-1.0.2")
111
112 After a package is built you can still add further individual
113 resource files or folders to its Contents/Resources subfolder
114 by using the addResource(path) method:
115
116 pm.addResource("/my/space/metainfo/distutils/")
117 """
118
119 packageInfoDefaults = {
120 'Title': None,
121 'Version': None,
122 'Description': '',
123 'DefaultLocation': '/',
124 'Diskname': '(null)',
125 'DeleteWarning': '',
126 'NeedsAuthorization': 'NO',
127 'DisableStop': 'NO',
128 'UseUserMask': 'YES',
129 'Application': 'NO',
130 'Relocatable': 'YES',
131 'Required': 'NO',
132 'InstallOnly': 'NO',
133 'RequiresReboot': 'NO',
134 'InstallFat': 'NO'}
135
136
137 def __init__(self, title, version, desc):
138 "Init. with mandatory title/version/description arguments."
139
140 info = {"Title": title, "Version": version, "Description": desc}
141 self.packageInfo = copy.deepcopy(self.packageInfoDefaults)
142 self.packageInfo.update(info)
143
144 # variables set later
145 self.packageRootFolder = None
146 self.packageResourceFolder = None
147 self.sourceFolder = None
148 self.resourceFolder = None
149
150
151 def _escapeBlanks(self, s):
152 "Return a string with escaped blanks."
153
154 return s.replace(' ', '\ ')
155
156
157 def build(self, root, resources=None, **options):
158 """Create a package for some given root folder.
159
160 With no 'resources' argument set it is assumed to be the same
161 as the root directory. Option items replace the default ones
162 in the package info.
163 """
164
165 # set folder attributes
166 self.sourceFolder = root
167 if resources == None:
168 self.resourceFolder = None
169 else:
170 self.resourceFolder = resources
171
172 # replace default option settings with user ones if provided
173 fields = self. packageInfoDefaults.keys()
174 for k, v in options.items():
175 if k in fields:
176 self.packageInfo[k] = v
177 elif not k in ["OutputDir"]:
178 raise Error, "Unknown package option: %s" % k
179
180 # Check where we should leave the output. Default is current directory
181 outputdir = options.get("OutputDir", os.getcwd())
182 packageName = self.packageInfo["Title"]
183 self.packageRootFolder = os.path.join(outputdir, packageName + ".pkg")
184
185 # do what needs to be done
186 self._makeFolders()
187 self._addInfo()
188 self._addBom()
189 self._addArchive()
190 self._addResources()
191 self._addSizes()
192
193
194 def addResource(self, path):
195 "Add arbitrary file or folder to the package resource folder."
196
197 # Folder basenames become subfolders of Contents/Resources.
198 # This method is made public for those who wknow what they do!
199
200 prf = self.packageResourceFolder
201 if isfile(path) and not isdir(path):
202 shutil.copy(path, prf)
203 elif isdir(path):
204 path = self._escapeBlanks(path)
205 prf = self._escapeBlanks(prf)
206 os.system("cp -r %s %s" % (path, prf))
207
208
209 def _makeFolders(self):
210 "Create package folder structure."
211
212 # Not sure if the package name should contain the version or not
213 # packageName = "%s-%s" % (self.packageInfo["Title"],
214 # self.packageInfo["Version"]) # ??
215
216 contFolder = join(self.packageRootFolder, "Contents")
217 self.packageResourceFolder = join(contFolder, "Resources")
218 os.mkdir(self.packageRootFolder)
219 os.mkdir(contFolder)
220 os.mkdir(self.packageResourceFolder)
221
222
223 def _addInfo(self):
224 "Write .info file containing installing options."
225
226 # Not sure if options in PKG_INFO_FIELDS are complete
227
228 info = ""
229 for f in string.split(PKG_INFO_FIELDS, "\n"):
230 info = info + "%s %%(%s)s\n" % (f, f)
231 info = info % self.packageInfo
232 base = self.packageInfo["Title"] + ".info"
233 path = join(self.packageResourceFolder, base)
234 f = open(path, "w")
235 f.write(info)
236
237
238 def _addBom(self):
239 "Write .bom file containing 'Bill of Materials'."
240
241 # Currently ignores if the 'mkbom' tool is not available.
242
243 try:
244 base = self.packageInfo["Title"] + ".bom"
245 bomPath = join(self.packageResourceFolder, base)
246 bomPath = self._escapeBlanks(bomPath)
247 sourceFolder = self._escapeBlanks(self.sourceFolder)
248 cmd = "mkbom %s %s" % (sourceFolder, bomPath)
249 res = os.system(cmd)
250 except:
251 pass
252
253
254 def _addArchive(self):
255 "Write .pax.gz file, a compressed archive using pax/gzip."
256
257 # Currently ignores if the 'pax' tool is not available.
258
259 cwd = os.getcwd()
260
261 # create archive
262 os.chdir(self.sourceFolder)
263 base = basename(self.packageInfo["Title"]) + ".pax"
264 self.archPath = join(self.packageResourceFolder, base)
265 archPath = self._escapeBlanks(self.archPath)
266 cmd = "pax -w -f %s %s" % (archPath, ".")
267 res = os.system(cmd)
268
269 # compress archive
270 cmd = "gzip %s" % archPath
271 res = os.system(cmd)
272 os.chdir(cwd)
273
274
275 def _addResources(self):
276 "Add all files and folders inside a resources folder to the package."
277
278 # This folder normally contains Welcome/ReadMe/License files,
279 # .lproj folders and scripts.
280
281 if not self.resourceFolder:
282 return
283
284 files = glob.glob("%s/*" % self.resourceFolder)
285 for f in files:
286 self.addResource(f)
287
288
289 def _addSizes(self):
290 "Write .sizes file with info about number and size of files."
291
292 # Not sure if this is correct, but 'installedSize' and
293 # 'zippedSize' are now in Bytes. Maybe blocks are needed?
294 # Well, Installer.app doesn't seem to care anyway, saying
295 # the installation needs 100+ MB
296
297 numFiles = 0
298 installedSize = 0
299 zippedSize = 0
300
301 files = GlobDirectoryWalker(self.sourceFolder)
302 for f in files:
303 numFiles = numFiles + 1
304 installedSize = installedSize + os.lstat(f)[6]
305
306 try:
307 zippedSize = os.stat(self.archPath+ ".gz")[6]
308 except OSError: # ignore error
309 pass
310 base = self.packageInfo["Title"] + ".sizes"
311 f = open(join(self.packageResourceFolder, base), "w")
312 format = "NumFiles %d\nInstalledSize %d\nCompressedSize %d\n"
313 f.write(format % (numFiles, installedSize, zippedSize))
314
315
316# Shortcut function interface
317
318def buildPackage(*args, **options):
319 "A shortcut function for building a package."
320
321 o = options
322 title, version, desc = o["Title"], o["Version"], o["Description"]
323 pm = PackageMaker(title, version, desc)
324 apply(pm.build, list(args), options)
325
326 return pm
327
328
329######################################################################
330# Command-line interface
331######################################################################
332
333def printUsage():
334 "Print usage message."
335
336 format = "Usage: %s <opts1> [<opts2>] <root> [<resources>]"
337 print format % basename(sys.argv[0])
338 print
339 print " with arguments:"
340 print " (mandatory) root: the package root folder"
341 print " (optional) resources: the package resources folder"
342 print
343 print " and options:"
344 print " (mandatory) opts1:"
345 mandatoryKeys = string.split("Title Version Description", " ")
346 for k in mandatoryKeys:
347 print " --%s" % k
348 print " (optional) opts2: (with default values)"
349
350 pmDefaults = PackageMaker.packageInfoDefaults
351 optionalKeys = pmDefaults.keys()
352 for k in mandatoryKeys:
353 optionalKeys.remove(k)
354 optionalKeys.sort()
355 maxKeyLen = max(map(len, optionalKeys))
356 for k in optionalKeys:
357 format = " --%%s:%s %%s"
358 format = format % (" " * (maxKeyLen-len(k)))
359 print format % (k, repr(pmDefaults[k]))
360
361
362def main():
363 "Command-line interface."
364
365 shortOpts = ""
366 keys = PackageMaker.packageInfoDefaults.keys()
367 longOpts = map(lambda k: k+"=", keys)
368
369 try:
370 opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], shortOpts, longOpts)
371 except getopt.GetoptError, details:
372 print details
373 printUsage()
374 return
375
376 optsDict = {}
377 for k, v in opts:
378 optsDict[k[2:]] = v
379
380 ok = optsDict.keys()
381 if not (1 <= len(args) <= 2):
382 print "No argument given!"
383 elif not ("Title" in ok and \
384 "Version" in ok and \
385 "Description" in ok):
386 print "Missing mandatory option!"
387 else:
388 pm = apply(buildPackage, args, optsDict)
389 return
390
391 printUsage()
392
393 # sample use:
394 # buildpkg.py --Title=distutils \
395 # --Version=1.0.2 \
396 # --Description="Python distutils package." \
397 # /Users/dinu/Desktop/distutils
398
399
400if __name__ == "__main__":
401 main()
402
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自述
buildpkg.py - Python的工具來構建一個蘋果的installer.app安裝OS X軟件包。
目的
這是一個Python的工具包的建設要與installer.app安裝Mac OS X的應用程序安裝。這是許多靈感來自蘋果的圖形用戶界面稱為PackageMaker.app工具，它是OS X的開發商/開發/應用安裝工具的一部分。還有其他一些免費的GUI工具做同樣的事（1），（2）。這個工具沒有GUI這是一個特色，而不是一個錯誤。
版本
當前版本是0.3。
許可證
此版本目前的授權是“BSD許可證”由開放源碼促進會（7）中所述。
關于蘋果的installer.app安裝
蘋果公司已經確定了它自己的格式的軟件程序包將在OS X系統安裝。源于這種格式最初是從馬赫/ NeXTSTEP的操作系統OS X是其中一個直接的繼任者。這種一包的形狀基本上是與高層有一個嵌套目錄的擴展集。封裝（或。的MPKG）。它包含一個存檔與“百富”，再加上進一步說明包內容的文件，以及其他可選腳本在安裝過程中運行壓縮。不幸的是，蘋果并沒有全面記錄其所有的功能或宣布安裝包中的布局變化。
特點buildpkg.py
由buildpkg.py的重要工作進行名為<PACKAGE>一個新的包是：
- 創建一個包目錄<PACKAGE>封裝/加上其整個布局（子目錄）。
- 添加文件<PACKAGE>封裝/ <PACKAGE>信息包含安裝選項。。
- 增加了“材料清單”文件<PACKAGE>封裝/ <PACKAGE>的BOM（用“mkbom”）。。
- 添加為<PACKAGE>封裝/ <PACKAGE>源根目錄pax.gz。。
- 添加可選的資源<PACKAGE> .pkg /目錄/資源
- 添加文件<PACKAGE>封裝/ <PACKAGE>大小顯示已安裝的包的總大小。。
其中可選的資源文件有歡迎，自述文件和許可證文件（無論是在的。txt，。RTF格式。rtfd /或。HTML格式）在安裝過程中顯示。這些也可以包內的定位，如English.lproj /或German.lproj /）。其他資源將主要是安裝腳本（比如預檢，<PACKAGE> {前，后} - 。{升級，安裝}，飛行后，或許其他人也如此）由安裝在適當的時候調用。
buildpkg.py不自作聰明足夠的過濾器只從你指定的資源相關的文件。它簡單地復制到它們打包。
命令行用法
該buildpkg.py腳本的用途是兩個，作為一個命令行工具，作為一個Python模塊，它可以導入其他Python程序（用“的distutils”是最明顯的候選人的Python包）。
- 呼叫不帶任何選項/參數的程序
達爾文％的Python buildpkg.py
沒有參數??給出！
用法：buildpkg.py <opts1> [<opts2>] <根目錄[<resources>]
帶參數：
（強制）的根：包根文件夾
（可選）資源：軟件包資源文件夾
和選項：
（強制）opts1：
- 標題
- 版本
- 描述
（可選）opts2：（使用默認值）
- 應用：'沒有'
- DefaultLocation：'/'
- DeleteWarning：''
- DisableStop：'沒有'
- Diskname：'（空）'
- InstallFat：'沒有'
- InstallOnly：'沒有'
- NeedsAuthorization：'沒有'
- 重新定位：'是'
- 必需的：'沒有'
- RequiresReboot：'沒有'
- UseUserMask：'是'
- 呼叫，只有強制性的選項和參數的程序
達爾文％的Python buildpkg.py - 標題= readline的- 4.3 - 版本= 4.3 \
- 描述=“GNU的readline庫”/ my/space/readline-4.3
- 同上，但有更多的選擇 - RequiresReboot是的
達爾文％的Python buildpkg.py - 標題= readline的- 4.3 - 版本= 4.3 \
- 描述=“GNU的readline庫” - RequiresReboot是\
/ my/space/readline-4.3
- 同上，但更多的資源目錄參數（將復制到/ my/space/readline-4.3/pkg/Contents/Resources其內容/）
達爾文％的Python buildpkg.py - 標題= readline的- 4.3 - 版本= 4.3 \
- 描述=“GNU的readline庫” - RequiresReboot是\
/ my/space/readline-4.3 /我/空間/資源/ readline的/
作為一個Python模塊的使用情況
- 創建的ReadLine從一個包含GNU readline庫源文件夾4.3.pkg：
下午= PackageMaker（“readline的- 4.3”，“4.3”，“GNU的readline庫”）
pm.build（“/ my/space/readline-4.3”）
- 同上，但有更多的選擇 - RequiresReboot是的
下午= PackageMaker（“readline的- 4.3”，“4.3”，“GNU的readline庫”）
pm.build（“/ my/space/readline-4.3”，RequiresReboot =“是”）
- 同上，但更多的資源目錄參數（將復制到/ my/space/readline-4.3/pkg/Contents/Resources其內容/）
下午= PackageMaker（“readline的- 4.3”，“4.3”，“GNU的readline庫”）
pm.build（“/ my/space/readline-4.3”，“/我/空間/資源/ readline的/”）
- 同上，但與其他單一的資源文件
下午= PackageMaker（“readline的- 4.3”，“4.3”，“GNU的readline庫”）
pm.build（“/ my/space/readline-4.3”，“/我/空間/資源/ readline的/”）
pm.addResource（“/我/空間/資源/腳本/飛行后”）
注釋
雖然包布局從前期的OS X版本10.2通過，應該在10.2 installer.app安裝在與由此產生的包處理沒有問題。就目前這個時間似乎足以布局，所以沒有與創造，可以安裝新的installer.app安裝只包處理點！
由于這些包有一個目錄“形”，他們是不適合在互聯網上下載。因此，他們需要縮減到一個單一的二進制文件不知。這可能是一個。tar.gz的，這是可能的，但在OS X上不尋常的（這里沒有說明原因）。在OS X上有一個專門的格式，擴展名為“磁盤圖像”。傷害它代表一個可直接安裝到文件系統歸檔。沒有GUI工具，例如創建磁盤映像是有點黑色藝術（6）。
現在你應該能夠運行buildpkg.py即使在非OS X系統，并得到類似的一包，但沒有真正的存檔（需求人數）和BOM文件（需要mkbom）里面！這只是提供OS X的測試沒有機會到民間的
慎防installer.app安裝多包的功能（這是目前還不支持在這里），可以潛在螺桿式安裝，并在兩個逐步（4）文章中討論。在對OS X版本10.2之前至少這似乎是一個問題。
托多
- 測試預處理和后處理的腳本
- 處理元包（擴展名的MPKG。）
- 融入的distutils
- 使用“百富”（2）替代品
鏈接
（1）布萊恩希爾的PackageMaker：
http://personalpages.tds.net/?brian_hill / packagemaker.html
（2）的克里斯羅伯茨OSXPM：
http://www.osxgnu.org/
（3）的BSD許可：
http://opensource.org/licenses/bsd-license.php
（4）逐步文章：
http://www.stepwise.com/Articles/Technical/Packages/InstallerWoes.html
http://www.stepwise.com/Articles/Technical/Packages/InstallerOnX.html
（5）http://developer.apple.com/techpubs/macosx/Essentials/SystemOverview/InstallIntegrate/Installing__Application.html
http://developer.apple.com/techpubs/macosx/ReleaseNotes/PackageMaker.html
（6）創建磁盤映像安德魯斯通的注意事項：
http://www.stone.com/The_Cocoa_Files/Just_Ship_it_.html
（7）開源倡議，BSD許可證：
http://opensource.org/licenses/bsd-license.php
Dinu三蓋爾曼，
gherman@europemail.com
2002年9月