jinix是小弟正在實現的一個c++ kernel，因為調試緣故，所以早早的把控制臺部分調出來了，以便于后來的調試。代碼使用c++寫的，如果使用c寫內核也很容易移植過去。轉載請保留原 創：http://www.shnenglu.com/jinglexy，mail & msn: jinglexy at yahoo dot com dot cn。這部分代碼是在內存管理之前實現的，所以沒有做到任意個數虛擬控制臺(內核在編譯時候確定個數），并且每個控制臺顯存地址固定起來了。如果要實現也 比較簡單：啟動時候初始化一個控制臺，在MM初始化完后初始化其他控制臺，每個控制臺包含自己的顯存緩沖區，切換控制臺的時候將該緩沖區拷貝到顯存中即 可。

文件：textio.h, textio.cpp, ostream.h, ostream.cpp
textio.h源文件如下：

     1: #ifndef __JINIX_TEXTIO_H 
     2: #define __JINIX_TEXTIO_H 
     3: #include <jinix/types.h> 
     4: 
     5: /* 在字符模式下，適配器使用0xB8000-0xBF000作為視頻內存。
     6:  * 通常我們處于80x25大小屏幕，有16種顏色。
     7:  * 由于一個屏幕只需要80x25x2個字節，即4k，所以該視頻內存可以分為多個頁。
     8:  * 我們使用所有的頁，但是當前只能有一個頁面可見。
     9:  * 為了顯示一個字符，將用到2個字節，一個字節是字符值（地址為N），
    10:  * 另一個字節是字符屬性（即顏色，地址為N + 1）。屬性字節定義如下：
    11:  *
    12:  * Bit 7        閃爍 
    13:  * Bits 6-4     背景色 
    14:  * Bit 3        明亮模式（0為暗，1為亮） 
    15:  * Bit3 2-0     前景色：分別是黑，蘭，綠，青，洋紅，深粉，深黃，灰色
    16:  *
    17:  * 操作端口基址：0x3d4h, 0x3d5h
    18:  * 參考資料：osd文檔中的osd/cons/index.htm
    19:  * CGA顯示模式，顯存從0xB8000開始一共32kb字節，在jinix中每個虛擬控制臺只使用4k字節（80x25x2），
    20:  * 且不考慮滾屏操作（為了簡單處理），所以最多可以有8個控制臺
    21:  */
    22: typedef enum {
    23:         BLACK, BLUE, GREEN, CYAN,
    24:         RED, MAGENTA, BROWN, GRAY,
    25:         DARKGRAY, LIGHTBLUE, LIGHTGREEN, LIGHTCYAN,
    26:         LIGHTRED, LIGHTMAGENTA, YELLOW, WHITE
    27: } TextColor;
    28: 
    29: const int CGA_VIDEO_PTR = 0xB8000;
    30: const int CGA_CONSOLE_SIZE = 4000;
    31: const char BLANK_CHAR = ' ';
    32: 
    33: class TextIO
    34: {
    35: public:
    36:         TextIO() ;
    37:         ~TextIO() ;
    38:         void init_page(int page);       /* must call first!!! */
    39:         void move_cursor(void);
    40:         void move_page(void);
    41:         void setxy(int newx, int newy);
    42: 
    43:         int getx() { return x; }
    44:         int gety() { return y; }
    45: 
    46:         void scrollup();
    47:         void clear();
    48: 
    49:         void set_fg(TextColor fg);
    50:         void set_bg(TextColor bg);
    51: 
    52:         void putstr(char *s);
    53:         /* inline */void putchar(char c);
    54: 
    55: private:
    56:         int x, y;
    57:         char colors;
    58:         char *pvideo_start;             /* 虛擬控制臺顯存首地址 */
    59:         /* struct termios termios;      posix compatible later... */
    60: };
    61: 
    62: #endif 
    63: 
    64: 


這個文件完成顯存的一些字符操作，及顯存頁面切換，滾屏也很簡單。沒有加入posix兼容的一些特性，
還沒有想好是否加在這里。rs232也會使用終端特性，所以考慮后期將字符設備驅動抽象成一個基類，
作為textio類的父類。有什么好的想法可以和我討論：http://www.shnenglu.com/jinglexy

ostream.h源文件：
     1: #ifndef __JINIX_OSTREAM_H 
     2: #define __JINIX_OSTREAM_H 
     3: #include <jinix/textio.h> 
     4: 
     5: /* format flags */
     6: #define boolalpha               0x0001 /* 未實現 */ 
     7: #define showbase                0x0002 
     8: #define showpoint               0x0004 /* 未實現 */ 
     9: #define showpos         0x0008 /* 未實現 */ 
    10: #define skipws          0x0010 /* 未實現 */ 
    11: #define unitbuf         0x0020 /* 未實現 */ 
    12: #define uppercase               0x0040 /* 未實現 */ 
    13: #define dec             0x0080 
    14: #define hex             0x0100 
    15: #define oct             0x0200 
    16: #define bin             0x0400 
    17: #define internal                0x0800 /* 未實現 */ 
    18: #define left            0x1000 /* 未實現 */ 
    19: #define right           0x2000 /* 未實現 */ 
    20: 
    21: class OStream : public TextIO
    22: {
    23: public:
    24:         OStream();
    25:         OStream& operator <<(char *str);
    26:         OStream& operator <<(char c);
    27:         OStream& operator <<(unsigned char *str);
    28:         OStream& operator <<(unsigned char c);
    29:         OStream& operator <<(int i);
    30:         OStream& operator <<(unsigned int i);
    31:         OStream& operator <<(long i);
    32:         OStream& operator <<(unsigned long i);
    33:         OStream& operator <<(long long i);
    34:         OStream& operator <<(unsigned long long i);
    35:         void flags(int f);
    36: 
    37: private:
    38:         int current_flags;              /* 顯示模式: 進制數, 對齊形式等 */
    39: };
    40: 
    41: #define cout __vconsole[__cur_console] 
    42: void switch_console(int console);
    43: 
    44: /* 單元測試 */
    45: void ostream_dotest(void);
    46: 
    47: /* 不要使用下面兩個全局變量 */
    48: extern class OStream __vconsole[];
    49: extern int __cur_console;
    50: #endif 
    51: 
    52: 

不熟悉設計模式，所以結構比較混亂，好的模式應該可以規避這些不雅的代碼吧，呵呵

textio.cpp源文件：
     1: #include <asm/portio.h> 
     2: #include <asm/system.h> 
     3: #include <jinix/tty.h> 
     4: #include <jinix/textio.h> 
     5: 
     6: TextIO::TextIO()
     7: {
     8:         x = 0;
     9:         y = 0;
    10:         colors = TTY_CHAR_ATTRIBUTE;
    11:         pvideo_start = (char*)NULL;
    12: }
    13: 
    14: TextIO::~TextIO()
    15: {
    16: }
    17: 
    18: void TextIO::init_page(int page)
    19: {
    20:         if (page < 0 || page > VIRTUAL_CONSOLE_COUNT - 1)
    21:                 return;
    22: 
    23:         /* after init, console[0].pvideo_start is 0xb8000;
    24:          *         console[1].pvideo_start is 0xb8fa0
    25:          *         console[2].pvideo_start is 0xb9f40
    26:          *         console[3].pvideo_start is 0xbaee0
    27:          */
    28:         pvideo_start = (char*)CGA_VIDEO_PTR + page * CGA_CONSOLE_SIZE;
    29:         /* debug(if not, gdb fly out): */ page++;
    30: }
    31: 
    32: void TextIO::move_cursor(void)
    33: {
    34:         int temp;
    35:         temp = y * TTY_COLUMNS_NR + x;
    36: 
    37:         /* disable interrupt */
    38:         __cli();
    39:         PortIO::outportb(0x3D4, 14);
    40:         PortIO::outportb(0x3D5, temp >> 8);
    41:         PortIO::outportb(0x3D4, 15);
    42:         PortIO::outportb(0x3D5, temp);
    43:         /* enable interrupt */
    44:         __sti();
    45: }
    46: 
    47: void TextIO::move_page(void)
    48: {
    49:         int temp;
    50:         temp = (int)(pvideo_start - CGA_VIDEO_PTR) / 2;
    51: 
    52:         /* disable interrupt */
    53:         __cli();
    54:         PortIO::outportb(0x3D4, 12);
    55:         PortIO::outportb(0x3D5, temp >> 8);
    56:         PortIO::outportb(0x3D4, 13);
    57:         PortIO::outportb(0x3D5, temp);
    58:         /* enable interrupt */
    59:         __sti();
    60: }
    61: 
    62: void TextIO::setxy(int newx, int newy)
    63: {
    64:         if (newx >= 0 && newx < TTY_COLUMNS_NR)
    65:                 x = newx;
    66: 
    67:         if (newy >= 0 && newy < TTY_LINES_NR)
    68:                 y = newy;
    69: }
    70: 
    71: /* it will scroll only one line */
    72: void TextIO::scrollup()
    73: {
    74:         char *src, *dst;
    75:         int i, j;
    76: 
    77:         dst = pvideo_start;
    78:         src = pvideo_start + TTY_COLUMNS_NR * 2;
    79: 
    80:         for (i = 0; i < TTY_LINES_NR - 1; i++)
    81:                 for (j = 0; j < TTY_COLUMNS_NR * 2; j++)        /* every char 2 bytes */
    82:                         *dst++ = *src++;
    83: 
    84:         /* new line */
    85:         for (i = 0; i < TTY_COLUMNS_NR; i++) {
    86:                 *dst++ = BLANK_CHAR;
    87:                 *dst++ = colors;
    88:         }
    89: }
    90: 
    91: void TextIO::clear(void)
    92: {
    93:         int i;
    94:         char *src;
    95: 
    96:         src = pvideo_start;
    97:         for (i = 0; i < TTY_COLUMNS_NR * TTY_LINES_NR; i++) {
    98:                 *src++ = BLANK_CHAR;
    99:                 *src++ = colors;
   100:         }
   101: 
   102:         setxy(0, 0);
   103:         move_cursor();
   104: }
   105: 
   106: void TextIO::set_fg(TextColor fg)
   107: {
   108:         colors = (colors & 0xf0) | (fg & 0x0f);
   109: }
   110: 
   111: void TextIO::set_bg(TextColor bg)
   112: {
   113:         colors = (colors & 0x0f) | ((bg << 4) & 0xf0);
   114: }
   115: 
   116: void TextIO::putstr(char *s)
   117: {
   118:         while (*s)
   119:                 putchar(*s++);
   120: }
   121: 
   122: /* extern inline */void TextIO::putchar(char c)
   123: {
   124:         int t;
   125: 
   126:         switch(c) {
   127:         case '\r':
   128:                 {
   129:                         int i;
   130:                         x = 0;
   131: 
   132:                         /* 清除一行 */
   133:                         t = ((x + y * TTY_COLUMNS_NR) << 1);
   134:                         for(i = 0 ; i < TTY_COLUMNS_NR; i++) {
   135:                                 *(pvideo_start + t + (i << 1)) = BLANK_CHAR;
   136:                                 *(pvideo_start + t + (i << 1) + 1) = colors;
   137:                         }
   138:                         break;
   139:                 }
   140: 
   141:         case '\n':
   142:                 {
   143:                         x = 0;
   144:                         y++;
   145:                         break;
   146:                 }
   147: 
   148:         case '\t':
   149:                 {
   150:                         if (x + TTY_TABWIDTH >= TTY_COLUMNS_NR) {
   151:                                 x = (x + TTY_TABWIDTH - TTY_COLUMNS_NR);
   152:                                 y++;
   153:                         } else {
   154:                                 x += TTY_TABWIDTH;
   155:                         }
   156: 
   157:                         break;
   158:                 }
   159: 
   160:         case '\b':
   161:                 {
   162:                         t = x + y * TTY_COLUMNS_NR;
   163: 
   164:                         if (t <= 0)
   165:                                 break;
   166:                         t--;
   167: 
   168:                         if (x > 0) {
   169:                                 x--;
   170:                         } else {
   171:                                 y--;
   172:                                 x = TTY_COLUMNS_NR - 1;
   173:                         }
   174: 
   175:                         *(pvideo_start + (t << 1)) = BLANK_CHAR;
   176:                         *(pvideo_start + (t << 1) + 1) = colors;
   177:                         break;
   178:                 }
   179: 
   180:         default:
   181:                 {
   182:                         if(c < ' ') break;      /* only print visible char */
   183:                         t = x + y * TTY_COLUMNS_NR;
   184: 
   185:                         *(pvideo_start + (t << 1)) = c;
   186:                         *(pvideo_start + (t << 1) + 1) = colors;
   187:                         x++;
   188: 
   189:                         if(x == 80) {
   190:                                 x = 0;
   191:                                 y++;
   192:                         }
   193:                         break;
   194:                 }
   195:         }
   196: 
   197:         if (TTY_LINES_NR == y) {
   198:                 scrollup();
   199:                 y--;
   200:         }
   201:         move_cursor();
   202: }
   203: 
   204: 

需要注意的是多個端口同時操作需要關閉中斷，否則一旦在多任務中被調度出去，后果很嚴重，呵呵

     1: #include <jinix/tty.h> 
     2: #include <jinix/ostream.h> 
     3: #include <asm/string.h> 
     4: 
     5: class OStream __vconsole[VIRTUAL_CONSOLE_COUNT];
     6: int __cur_console;              /* 當前控制臺 */
     7: 
     8: OStream::OStream()
     9: {
    10:         current_flags = dec;
    11: }
    12: 
    13: OStream& OStream::operator <<(char *str)
    14: {
    15:         putstr(str);
    16:         return *this;
    17: }
    18: 
    19: OStream& OStream::operator <<(char c)
    20: {
    21:         putchar(c);
    22:         return *this;
    23: }
    24: 
    25: OStream& OStream::operator <<(unsigned char *str)
    26: {
    27:         putstr((char *)str);
    28:         return *this;
    29: }
    30: 
    31: OStream& OStream::operator <<(unsigned char c)
    32: {
    33:         putchar((char)c);
    34:         return *this;
    35: }
    36: 
    37: OStream& OStream::operator <<(int i)
    38: {
    39:         char buf[33];   /* 2進制支持 */
    40: 
    41:         if (current_flags & dec)
    42:                 itoa(buf, 10, i);
    43:         else if (current_flags & hex)
    44:                 itoa(buf, 16, i);
    45:         else if (current_flags & oct)
    46:                 itoa(buf, 8, i);
    47:         else if (current_flags & bin)
    48:                 itoa(buf, 2, i);
    49: 
    50:         if (current_flags & hex && current_flags & showbase)
    51:                 putstr("0x");
    52: 
    53:         putstr(buf);
    54:         return *this;
    55: }
    56: 
    57: OStream& OStream::operator <<(unsigned int i)
    58: {
    59:         *this << (int)i;
    60:         return *this;
    61: }
    62: 
    63: OStream& OStream::operator <<(long i)
    64: {
    65:         *this << (int)i;
    66:         return *this;
    67: }
    68: 
    69: OStream& OStream::operator <<(unsigned long i)
    70: {
    71:         *this << (int)i;
    72:         return *this;
    73: }
    74:         
    75: OStream& OStream::operator <<(long long i)
    76: {
    77:         char buf[65];   /* 2進制支持 */
    78: 
    79:         if (current_flags & dec)
    80:                 itoa(buf, 10, i);
    81:         else if (current_flags & hex)
    82:                 itoa(buf, 16, i);
    83:         else if (current_flags & oct)
    84:                 itoa(buf, 8, i);
    85:         else if (current_flags & bin)
    86:                 itoa(buf, 2, i);
    87: 
    88:         if (current_flags & hex && current_flags & showbase)
    89:                 putstr("0x");
    90: 
    91:         putstr(buf);
    92:         return *this;
    93: }
    94: 
    95: OStream& OStream::operator <<(unsigned long long i)
    96: {
    97:         *this << (long long)i;
    98:         return *this;
    99: }
   100: 
   101: void OStream::flags(int f)
   102: {
   103:         current_flags = f;
   104: }
   105: 
   106: void switch_console(int console)
   107: {
   108:         if (console < 0 || console > VIRTUAL_CONSOLE_COUNT - 1)
   109:                 return;
   110: 
   111:         /* set current console */
   112:         __cur_console = console;
   113: 
   114:         /* move page */
   115:         cout.move_page();
   116: 
   117:         /* move cursor */
   118:         cout.move_cursor();
   119: }
   120: 
   121: /* only call when init */
   122: void __kernel_init_switch_console(int console)
   123: {
   124:         if (console < 0 || console > VIRTUAL_CONSOLE_COUNT - 1)
   125:                 return;
   126: 
   127:         /* set current console */
   128:         __cur_console = console;
   129: }
   130: 
   131: void ostream_dotest(void)
   132: {
   133:         int i;
   134: 
   135:         i = 0;
   136:         {
   137:                 /* 虛擬控制臺切換測試 */
   138:                 for(i = 0; i < VIRTUAL_CONSOLE_COUNT; i++) {
   139:                         switch_console(i);
   140:                         cout.putstr("0123456789abcdefghijklmnoprfdsafdieqxzcvaeax");
   141:                 }
   142: 
   143:                 for(i = 0; i < VIRTUAL_CONSOLE_COUNT; i++) {
   144:                         switch_console(i);
   145:                         cout.putstr("0123456789abcdefghijklmnoprfdsafdieqxzcvaeax");
   146:                 }
   147: 
   148:                 switch_console(0);
   149:                 cout.putstr("00000000000000000000000");
   150:                 switch_console(1);
   151:                 cout.putstr("11111111111111111111111");
   152:                 switch_console(2);
   153:                 cout.putstr("22222222222222222222222");
   154:                 switch_console(3);
   155:                 cout.putstr("33333333333333333333333");
   156:         }
   157: 
   158:         {
   159:                 /* 復雜字符串輸出測試 */
   160:                 switch_console(0);
   161:                 for(i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
   162:                         cout.putstr("++++++++++++++++++++");
   163:                         cout.putstr("++++++++++++++++++++");
   164:                         cout.putstr("++++++++++++++++++++");
   165:                         cout.putstr("++++++++++++++++++++");
   166:                 }
   167: 
   168:                 cout.putstr("\r");
   169:                 cout.putstr("00000000000000000000000\n");
   170:                 cout.putstr("0\t0\t0\t0\t0\t0\t0\t0\t0\t0\ta\n");
   171:                 cout.putstr("+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_");
   172:                 cout.putstr("\b\b\b\b\b*&*&*&*&*&*&*&*&");
   173:                 i++;
   174:         }
   175:         
   176:         {
   177:                 /* 清屏，滾屏，及滾屏對切換虛擬控制臺的影響測試 */
   178:                 cout.clear();
   179:                 for(i = 0; i < 24; i++) {
   180:                         cout.putstr("++++++++++++++++++++");
   181:                         cout.putstr("++++++++++++++++++++");
   182:                         cout.putstr("++++++++++++++++++++");
   183:                         cout.putstr("++++++++++++++++++++");
   184:                 }
   185:                 cout.putstr("_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+");
   186:                 switch_console(1);
   187:                 cout.putstr("in console 1 now\n");
   188:                 switch_console(0);
   189:                 cout.putstr("aaa");
   190:                 i++;
   191:         }
   192: 
   193:         {
   194:                 /* 顏色測試 */
   195:                 /*
   196:                 BLACK, BLUE, GREEN, CYAN,
   197:                 RED, MAGENTA, BROWN, GRAY,
   198:                 DARKGRAY, LIGHTBLUE, LIGHTGREEN, LIGHTCYAN,
   199:                 LIGHTRED, LIGHTMAGENTA, YELLOW, WHITE
   200:                 */
   201:                 switch_console(0);
   202:                 cout.set_fg(GREEN);
   203:                 /* cout.set_fg(LIGHTBLUE); */
   204:                 /* cout.set_bg(GREEN); */
   205:                 cout.putstr("bad boy, y you goto here?\n");
   206:                 cout.putstr("sorry, sir, never again\n");
   207:                 i++;
   208:         }
   209: 
   210:         {
   211:                 /* ostream類測試 */
   212:                 switch_console(0);
   213:                 cout << "hi, " << "Welcome use cout object.\n";
   214:                 extern unsigned int multiboot_magic;
   215:                 cout.flags(hex | showbase);
   216:                 multiboot_magic = 0x1BADB002;
   217:                 cout << "after boot, the magic is " << multiboot_magic << "\n";
   218:                 cout << "are you satisfaction with cout?\n";
   219:                 i++;
   220:         }
   221: }
   222: 
   223: 

上面代碼包含了測試用例，現在我們的c++ 內核也可以用cout 對象了，是不是很有成就感？