原文來自 CodeGuru
http://www.codeguru.com/cpp/w-p/win32/tutorials/article.php/c9535/
Learn how heap management is done in a debug build
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Environment: Visual C++ 6.0
When you compile a debug build of your program with Visual Studio and run it in debugger, you can see that the memory allocated or deallocated has funny values, such as 0xCDCDCDCD or 0xDDDDDDDD. This is the result of the work Microsoft has put in to detect memory corruption and leaks in the Win32 platform. In this article, I will explain how memory allocation/deallocation is done via new/delete or malloc/free.
First, I will explain what all these values that you see, like CD, DD, and so forth, mean.
| Value |
Name |
Description |
| 0xCD |
Clean Memory |
Allocated memory via malloc or new but never written by the application. |
| 0xDD |
Dead Memory |
Memory that has been released with delete or free. It is used to detect writing through dangling pointers. |
| 0xFD |
Fence Memory |
Also known as "no mans land." This is used to wrap the allocated memory (like surrounding it with fences) and is used to detect indexing arrays out of bounds. |
| 0xAB |
(Allocated Block?) |
Memory allocated by LocalAlloc(). |
| 0xBAADF00D |
Bad Food |
Memory allocated by LocalAlloc() with LMEM_FIXED, but not yet written to. |
| 0xCC |
|
When the code is compiled with the /GZ option, uninitialized variables are automatically assigned to this value (at byte level). |
If you take a look at DBGHEAP.C, you can see how some of these values are defined:
static unsigned char _bNoMansLandFill = 0xFD; static unsigned char _bDeadLandFill = 0xDD; static unsigned char _bCleanLandFill = 0xCD;
Before going any further, take a look at the memory management function that I will refer in this article.
| Function |
Description |
| malloc |
C/C++ function that allocates a block of memory from the heap. The implementation of the C++ operator new is based on malloc. |
| _malloc_dbg |
Debug version of malloc; only available in the debug versions of the run-time libraries. _malloc_dbg is a debug version of the malloc function. When _DEBUG is not defined, each call to _malloc_dbg is reduced to a call to malloc. Both malloc and _malloc_dbg allocate a block of memory in the base heap, but _malloc_dbg offers several debugging features: buffers on either side of the user portion of the block to test for leaks, a block type parameter to track specific allocation types, and filename/linenumber information to determine the origin of allocation requests. |
| free |
C/C++ function that frees an allocated block. The implementation of C++ operator delete is based on free. |
| _free_dbg |
Debug version of free; only available in the debug versions of the run-time libraries. The _free_dbg function is a debug version of the free function. When _DEBUG is not defined, each call to _free_dbg is reduced to a call to free. Both free and _free_dbg free a memory block in the base heap, but _free_dbg accommodates two debugging features: the ability to keep freed blocks in the heap's linked list to simulate low memory conditions and a block type parameter to free specific allocation types. |
LocalAlloc
GlobalAlloc |
Win32 API to allocate the specified number of bytes from the heap. Windows memory management does not provide a separate local heap and global heap. |
LocalFree
GlobalFree |
Win32 API free the specified local memory object and invalidates its handle. |
| HeapAlloc |
Win32 API allocates a block of memory from a heap. The allocated memory is not movable. |
| HeapFree |
Win32 API frees a memory block allocated from a heap by the HeapAlloc or HeapReAlloc function. |
There are many other functions that deal with memory management. For a complete view please refer to MSDN.
Note: Because this article is about memory management in a debug build, all the references to malloc and free in the following are actually references to their debug versions, _malloc_dbg and _free_dbg.
Compile the following code and run it in the debugger, walking step by step into it to see how memory is allocated and deallocated.
int main(int argc, char* argv[]){ char *buffer = new char[12]; delete [] buffer; return 0;}
Here, 12 bytes are dynamically allocated, but the CRT allocates more than that by wrapping the allocated block with bookkeeping information. For each allocated block, the CRT keeps information in a structure called _CrtMemBlockHeader, which is declared in DBGINT.H:
#define nNoMansLandSize 4
typedef struct _CrtMemBlockHeader
{
struct _CrtMemBlockHeader * pBlockHeaderNext;
struct _CrtMemBlockHeader * pBlockHeaderPrev;
char * szFileName;
int nLine;
size_t nDataSize;
int nBlockUse;
long lRequest;
unsigned char gap[nNoMansLandSize];
} _CrtMemBlockHeader;
It stores the following information:
| Field |
Description |
| pBlockHeaderNext |
A pointer to the next block allocated, but next means the previous allocated block because the list is seen as a stack, with the latest allocated block at the top. |
| pBlockHeaderPrev |
A pointer to the previous block allocated; this means the block that was allocated after the current block. |
| szFileName |
A pointer to the name of the file in which the call to malloc was made, if known. |
| nLine |
The line in the source file indicated by szFileName at which the call to malloc was made, if known. |
| nDataSize |
Number of bytes requested |
| nBlockUse |
0 - Freed block, but not released back to the Win32 heap
1 - Normal block (allocated with new/malloc)
2 - CRT blocks, allocated by CRT for its own use |
| lRequest |
Counter incremented with each allocation |
| gap |
A zone of 4 bytes (in the current implementation) filled with 0xFD, fencing the data block, of nDataSize bytes. Another block filled with 0xFD of the same size follows the data. |
Most of the work of heap block allocation and deallocation are made by HeapAlloc() and HeapFree(). When you request 12 bytes to be allocated on the heap, malloc() will call HeapAlloc(), requesting 36 more bytes.
blockSize = sizeof(_CrtMemBlockHeader) + nSize + nNoMansLandSize;
malloc requests space for the 12 bytes we need (nSize), plus 32 bytes for the _CrtMemBlockHeader structure and another nNoMansLandSize bytes (4 bytes) to fence the data zone and close the gap.
But, HeapAlloc() will allocate even more bytes: 8 bytes below the requested block (that is, at a lower address) and 32 above it (that is, at a bigger address). It also initializes the requested block to 0xBAADF00D (bad food).
Then, malloc() fills the _CrtMemBlockHeader block with information and initializes the data block with 0xCD and no mans land with 0xFD.
Here is a table that shows how memory looks after the call to HeapAlloc() and after malloc() returns. For a complete situation, see the last table. (Note: All values are in hex.)
| Address |
after HeapAlloc() |
after malloc() |
00320FD8
00320FDC
00320FE0
00320FE4
00320FE8
00320FEC
00320FF0
00320FF4
00320FF8
00320FFC
00321000
00321004
00321008
0032100C
00321010
00321014
00321018
0032101C
00321020
00321024
00321028
0032102C |
09 00 09 01
E8 07 18 00
0D F0 AD BA
0D F0 AD BA
0D F0 AD BA
0D F0 AD BA
0D F0 AD BA
0D F0 AD BA
0D F0 AD BA
0D F0 AD BA
0D F0 AD BA
0D F0 AD BA
0D F0 AD BA
0D F0 AD BA
AB AB AB AB
AB AB AB AB
00 00 00 00
00 00 00 00
79 00 09 00
EE 04 EE 00
40 05 32 00
40 05 32 00 |
09 00 09 01
E8 07 18 00
98 07 32 00
00 00 00 00
00 00 00 00
00 00 00 00
0C 00 00 00
01 00 00 00
2E 00 00 00
FD FD FD FD
CD CD CD CD
CD CD CD CD
CD CD CD CD
FD FD FD FD
AB AB AB AB
AB AB AB AB
00 00 00 00
00 00 00 00
79 00 09 00
EE 04 EE 00
40 05 32 00
40 05 32 00 |
Colors:
- Green: win32 bookkeeping info
- Blue: block size requested by malloc and filled with bad food
- Magenta: _CrtMemBlockHeader block
- Red: no mans land
- Black: requested data block
In this example, after the call to malloc() returns, buffer will point to memory address 0x00321000.
When you call delete/free, the CRT will set the block it requested from HeapAlloc() to 0xDD, indicating this is a free zone. Normally after this, free() will call HeapFree() to give back the block to the Win32 heap, in which case the block will be overwritten with 0xFEEEEEEE, to indicate Win32 heap free memory.
You can avoid this by using the CRTDBG_DELAY_FREE_MEM_DF flag to _CrtSetDbgFlag(). It prevents memory from actually being freed, as for simulating low-memory conditions. When this bit is on, freed blocks are kept in the debug heap's linked list but are marked as _FREE_BLOCK. This is useful if you want to detect dangling pointers errors, which can be done by verifying if the freed block is written with 0xDD pattern or something else. Use _CrtCheckMemory() to verify the heap.s integrity.
The next table shows how the memory looks during the free(), before HeapFree() is called and afterwards.
| Address |
Before HeapFree() |
After HeapFree() |
00320FD8
00320FDC
00320FE0
00320FE4
00320FE8
00320FEC
00320FF0
00320FF4
00320FF8
00320FFC
00321000
00321004
00321008
0032100C
00321010
00321014
00321018
0032101C
00321020
00321024
00321028
0032102C |
09 00 09 01
5E 07 18 00
DD DD DD DD
DD DD DD DD
DD DD DD DD
DD DD DD DD
DD DD DD DD
DD DD DD DD
DD DD DD DD
DD DD DD DD
DD DD DD DD
DD DD DD DD
DD DD DD DD
DD DD DD DD
AB AB AB AB
AB AB AB AB
00 00 00 00
00 00 00 00
79 00 09 00
EE 04 EE 00
40 05 32 00
40 05 32 00 |
82 00 09 01
5E 04 18 00
E0 2B 32 00
78 01 32 00
EE FE EE FE
EE FE EE FE
EE FE EE FE
EE FE EE FE
EE FE EE FE
EE FE EE FE
EE FE EE FE
EE FE EE FE
EE FE EE FE
EE FE EE FE
EE FE EE FE
EE FE EE FE
EE FE EE FE
EE FE EE FE
EE FE EE FE
EE FE EE FE
EE FE EE FE
EE FE EE FE |
Colors:
- Green: win32 bookkeeping info
- Blue: CRT block filled with dead memory
- Gray: memory given back to win32 heap
The two tables above are put in a single, more detailed, table below:
| Address (hex) |
Offset |
HeapAlloc |
malloc |
Free before HeapFree |
Free after HeapFree |
Description |
| 00320FD8 |
-40 |
01090009 |
01090009 |
01090009 |
01090082 |
Win32 Heap info |
| 00320FDC |
-36 |
001807E8 |
001807E8 |
0018075E |
0018045E |
Win32 Heap info |
| 00320FE0 |
-32 |
BAADF00D |
00320798 |
DDDDDDDD |
00322BE0 |
pBlockHeaderNext |
| 00320FE4 |
-28 |
BAADF00D |
00000000 |
DDDDDDDD |
00320178 |
pBlockHeaderPrev |
| 00320FE8 |
-24 |
BAADF00D |
00000000 |
DDDDDDDD |
FEEEEEEE |
szFileName |
| 00320FEC |
-20 |
BAADF00D |
00000000 |
DDDDDDDD |
FEEEEEEE |
nLine |
| 00320FF0 |
-16 |
BAADF00D |
0000000C |
DDDDDDDD |
FEEEEEEE |
nDataSize |
| 00320FF4 |
-12 |
BAADF00D |
00000001 |
DDDDDDDD |
FEEEEEEE |
nBlockUse |
| 00320FF8 |
-8 |
BAADF00D |
0000002E |
DDDDDDDD |
FEEEEEEE |
lRequest |
| 00320FFC |
-4 |
BAADF00D |
FDFDFDFD |
DDDDDDDD |
FEEEEEEE |
gap (no mans land) |
| 00321000 |
0 |
BAADF00D |
CDCDCDCD |
DDDDDDDD |
FEEEEEEE |
Data requested |
| 00321004 |
+4 |
BAADF00D |
CDCDCDCD |
DDDDDDDD |
FEEEEEEE |
Data requested |
| 00321008 |
+8 |
BAADF00D |
CDCDCDCD |
DDDDDDDD |
FEEEEEEE |
Data requested |
| 0032100C |
+12 |
BAADF00D |
FDFDFDFD |
DDDDDDDD |
FEEEEEEE |
No mans land |
| 00321010 |
+16 |
ABABABAB |
ABABABAB |
ABABABAB |
FEEEEEEE |
Win32 Heap info |
| 00321014 |
+20 |
ABABABAB |
ABABABAB |
ABABABAB |
FEEEEEEE |
Win32 Heap info |
| 00321018 |
+24 |
00000000 |
00000000 |
00000000 |
FEEEEEEE |
Win32 Heap info |
| 0032101C |
+28 |
00000000 |
00000000 |
00000000 |
FEEEEEEE |
Win32 Heap info |
| 00321020 |
+32 |
00090079 |
00090079 |
00090079 |
FEEEEEEE |
Win32 Heap info |
| 00321024 |
+36 |
00EE04EE |
00EE04EE |
00EE04EE |
FEEEEEEE |
Win32 Heap info |
| 00321028 |
+40 |
00320540 |
00320540 |
00320540 |
FEEEEEEE |
Win32 Heap info |
| 0032102C |
+44 |
00320540 |
00320540 |
00320540 |
FEEEEEEE |
Win32 Heap info |
About the Author
Marius Bancila is a Microsoft MVP for VC++. He works as a software developer for a major software company in the automotive field. He is mainly focused on building desktop applications with MFC. Other areas of interest are the .NET framework and WinFX - the new API for Windows Vista. He considers that CodeGuru is the best place on internet to spend time on.