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��明 — Thu, 20 Sep 2012 04:50:00 GMT

介绍

黑白��，又叫反棋�Q�Reversi�Q�、奥赛罗��（Othello�Q�、苹果棋或翻转棋。黑白棋在西方和日本很流行。游戏通过�怺��{�Ҏ(gu��)��的棋子，最后以��盘上谁的棋子多来判断胜负。它的游戏规则简单，因此上手很容易，但是它的变化又非常复杂。有一�U�说法是�Q�只需要几分钟学会(x��)它，却需要一生的旉��ȝ��通它�?/div>

黑白��的��盘是一个有8*8�Ҏ(gu��)��的棋盘。下��时��棋下在�I�格中间�Q�而不是像围棋一样下在交叉点上。开始时在棋盘正中有两白两黑四个��子交叉攄��Q�黑��L��先下子�?　　

下子的方法：(x��)把自己颜色的��子攑֜��盘的空��g��Q�而当自己放下的棋子在横、竖、斜八个方向内有一个自��q��子�Q�则被夹在中间的全部��{�?x��)成��q��子。�ƈ且，只有在可以翻转棋子的地方才可以下子�?br />

��C�h(hu��n)函数

黑白��中最重要的是�?sh��)脑对局势的判断�Q�如何写好这��L(f��ng)��C�h(hu��n)函数是黑白棋人工��E�序的重炏V�?br />
所谓的“金角银边草肚�?#8221;,说明了子的位�|�的重要性是不同的。最最要的�Ҏ(gu��)��四个角，而和角相�?c��)��三个点，则是不应该占领的�Q�其�ơ是四条边，占领后的好处也很多�?br />
当然了除了子的位�|�，自由度也比较重要�?div>你的目标是限制对手的自由度（��x��步数量）�Q�同时增加自��q��自由�?/div>

搜烦��法

如果只是凭估价函数来走棋�Q�是很难赢的�Q�好的AI必须能够向前看几步，看得��深�Q�棋力就��强�?/p>

�q�就涉及到博弈树(w��i)搜烦了，最�l�典是极大极��算法�?/p>

Minimax��法常用于棋�cȝ��׃��方较量的游戏和程序。该��法是一个零��d��法�Q�即一方要在可选的选项中选择��其优势最大化的选择�Q�另一方则选择令对手优势最��化的方法。而开始的时候��d��?�?/div>伪代码：(x��)

function minimax(node, depth)
   if node is a terminal node or depth = 0
       return the heuristic value of node
   if the adversary is to play at node
       let α := +∞
       foreach child of node
           α := min(α, minimax(child, depth-1))
   else {we are to play at node}
       let α := -∞
       foreach child of node
           α := max(α, minimax(child, depth-1))
   return α

实现

用javascript和html5写了一个黑白棋�Q�实��C��人机�Ҏ(gu��)��Q�有�q�不错的��Q?我自己已�l�很难下赢了�?br />
��L(f��ng)��chrome或者f(xi��)irefox打开�Q�chrome的javascript性能更好�?br />
演示地址: https://yshan.github.io/othello/

��明 2012-09-20 12:50 发表评论

��明 — Fri, 04 May 2007 23:55:00 GMT

摘要: D3D的摄像机动画阅读全文

��明 2007-05-05 07:55 发表评论

D3d实现2d效果(2)--鼠标�ȝ��

��明 — Fri, 04 May 2007 05:33:00 GMT

摘要: D3D的画�U�能�?nbsp; 阅读全文

��明 2007-05-04 13:33 发表评论

��明 — Fri, 04 May 2007 04:19:00 GMT

摘要: D3D的画点能�?nbsp; 阅读全文

��明 2007-05-04 12:19 发表评论

五子�q�珠

��明 — Fri, 12 May 2006 08:19:00 GMT

很久以前写的五子��代�?Use MFC)�Q�支持�h机对战，发上来玩�?br />
source: http://www.shnenglu.com/Files/sandy/Five_src.rar

bin: http://www.shnenglu.com/Files/sandy/Five_bin.rar

picture:

��明 2006-05-12 16:19 发表评论

��明 — Wed, 28 Dec 2005 13:32:00 GMT

SDL(Simple DirectMedia Layer)�?/STRONG>一个跨�q�_��的multimedia library ,包含了对video,audio,keyboard,mouse的支持�?BR>它的接口比较��z�，你甚至不需要知道Win32 API,��可以写出游戏来。它?y��u)��装了�?BR>�q�_��相关的部分。它使我惌��v了TC下面的graphics BGI

官方地址:   http://www.libsdl.org/

下面是我用SDL写的一个小游戏

1.骨架�E�序

#include "sdl.h"
#pragma comment(lib,"sdl.lib")
#pragma comment(lib,"sdlmain.lib")

int main(int argc,char ** argv)
{
    //Init SDL
    SDL_Init( SDL_INIT_VIDEO );
    atexit(SDL_Quit);
    screen = SDL_SetVideoMode(400,480,0,SDL_SWSURFACE);
    SDL_WM_SetCaption("RUN",NULL);

    //load resource
    //

    bool pause = false;
    bool gone = true;

    SDL_Event event;
    while(gone)
    {
        if(SDL_PollEvent(&event)>0)
        {
            if(event.type == SDL_QUIT)
            {
                break;
            }
            else if(event.type == SDL_KEYDOWN)
            {
        //handle event
        //
            }
            else if(event.type == SDL_KEYUP)
            {
        //handle event
        //
            }
        }
        else if(!pause)
        {
            run();
        }
    }

    //release resource
    //
    return 0;
}

SDL_Init : 初始化子�pȝ��
SDL_SetVideoMode�Q�设�|�分辨率
SDL_WM_SetCaption: 讄��H�口标题
SDL_PollEvent�Q�查询事�Ӟ��用户的输�?BR>
2.表面的概�?/STRONG>

表面(SDL_Surface)是SDL中一个重要的概念�Q�精灵都是保存在表面�?BR>

SDL_Surface * temp = SDL_CreateRGBSurface(SDL_SRCCOLORKEY, w, h, 32,
                0, 0, 0, 0);

rc.x = x * w ;
rc.y = y * h;

SDL_BlitSurface(surf,&rc,temp,0);

SDL_SetColorKey(temp,SDL_SRCCOLORKEY,transcolor);

SDL_CreateRGBSurface 创徏一个表�?BR>SDL_BlitSurface 表面之间的copy
SDL_SetColorKey 讑֮�表面的透明�?BR>
ps:主表面是由SDL_SetVideoMode�q�回的，也可以通过SDL_GetVideoSurface查询�?BR>
3. 声音的��?/STRONG>

游戏��M��开声音,SDL也提供了支持

void play_sound(const char *file)
{
    int index;
    SDL_AudioSpec wave;
    Uint8 *data;
    Uint32 dlen;
    SDL_AudioCVT cvt;

    /* ��L��一个空的（或者完成了的）音频�?nbsp;*/
    for ( index=0; index<NUM_SOUNDS; ++index ) {
        if ( sounds[index].dpos == sounds[index].dlen ) {
            break;
        }
    }
    if ( index == NUM_SOUNDS )
        return;

    /* 加蝲声音文�g�Q��ƈ转换�?6位、立体声�?2kHz格式 */
    if ( SDL_LoadWAV(file, &wave, &data, &dlen) == NULL ) {
        fprintf(stderr, "无法加蝲 %s: %s\n", file, SDL_GetError());
        return;
    }
    SDL_BuildAudioCVT(&cvt, wave.format, wave.channels, wave.freq,
                            AUDIO_S16,   2,             22050);
    cvt.buf = (unsigned char *)malloc(dlen*cvt.len_mult);
    memcpy(cvt.buf, data, dlen);
    cvt.len = dlen;
    SDL_ConvertAudio(&cvt);
    SDL_FreeWAV(data);

    /* ��音频数据放入音频口�Q�立��d��始回放了�Q?nbsp;*/
    if ( sounds[index].data ) {
        free(sounds[index].data);
    }
    SDL_LockAudio();
    sounds[index].data = cvt.buf;
    sounds[index].dlen = cvt.len_cvt;
    sounds[index].dpos = 0;
    SDL_UnlockAudio();
}

4.一些有用的模块

#include "sdl_image.h"

/*
* Return the pixel value at (x, y)
* NOTE: The surface must be locked before calling this!
*/
Uint32 getpixel(SDL_Surface *surface, int x, int y)
{
    int bpp = surface->format->BytesPerPixel;
    /* Here p is the address to the pixel we want to retrieve */
    Uint8 *p = (Uint8 *)surface->pixels + y * surface->pitch + x * bpp;

    switch(bpp) {
    case 1:
        return *p;

    case 2:
        return *(Uint16 *)p;

    case 3:
        if(SDL_BYTEORDER == SDL_BIG_ENDIAN)
            return p[0] << 16 | p[1] << 8 | p[2];
        else
            return p[0] | p[1] << 8 | p[2] << 16;

    case 4:
        return *(Uint32 *)p;

    default:
        return 0;       /* shouldn't happen, but avoids warnings */
    }
}

/*
* Set the pixel at (x, y) to the given value
* NOTE: The surface must be locked before calling this!
*/
void putpixel(SDL_Surface *surface, int x, int y, Uint32 pixel)
{
    int bpp = surface->format->BytesPerPixel;
    /* Here p is the address to the pixel we want to set */
    Uint8 *p = (Uint8 *)surface->pixels + y * surface->pitch + x * bpp;

    switch(bpp) {
    case 1:
        *p = pixel;
        break;

    case 2:
        *(Uint16 *)p = pixel;
        break;

    case 3:
        if(SDL_BYTEORDER == SDL_BIG_ENDIAN) {
            p[0] = (pixel >> 16) & 0xff;
            p[1] = (pixel >> 8) & 0xff;
            p[2] = pixel & 0xff;
        } else {
            p[0] = pixel & 0xff;
            p[1] = (pixel >> 8) & 0xff;
            p[2] = (pixel >> 16) & 0xff;
        }
        break;

    case 4:
        *(Uint32 *)p = pixel;
        break;
    }
}

bool showpic(SDL_Surface *surface,const char *filename)
{
    SDL_Surface *image;

    /* Load the BMP file into a surface */
    image = IMG_Load(filename);
    if (image == NULL) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't load %s: %s\n",filename,SDL_GetError());
        return false;
    }

    /* Blit onto the screen surface */
    if(SDL_BlitSurface(image, NULL, surface, NULL) < 0)
        fprintf(stderr, "BlitSurface error: %s\n", SDL_GetError());

    SDL_UpdateRect(surface, 0, 0, image->w, image->h);

    /* Free the allocated BMP surface */
    SDL_FreeSurface(image);

    return true;
}

SDL_Surface* createsurf(const char * filename)
{
    SDL_Surface *image;

    /* Load the BMP file into a surface */
    image = IMG_Load(filename);
    if (image == NULL) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Couldn't load %s: %s\n",filename,SDL_GetError());
        return 0;
    }

    return image;
}

getpixel 取得像素的颜�?BR>putpixel �ȝ��
showpic 加蝲一个图片到某个表面
createsurf 从文件中创造表�?BR>
SDL有大量的�C�Z��和第三方库可以��用，非常的不�?BR>最后推荐一个SDL写的��玛丽游戏
http://smclone.sourceforge.net/

��明 2005-12-28 21:32 发表评论

��明 — Mon, 19 Dec 2005 03:37:00 GMT
我是比较铁杆的英雄无�?的fans,在网上看到这��L(f��ng)��文章�Q?A >http://game.china.com/zh_cn/play/10002765/20021113/11362720.html

��是让我方英雄学�?x��)所有技能，真的蛮爽�?BR>学会(x��)28��Ҏ(gu��)��能修�Ҏ(gu��)��

　　首先�Q�把你的英雄的士兵调到前面几格来�Q�接着用FPE来搜索。例如你的士光|��Q�第一�?�Q�第二格14�Q�第三格4�Q�那么就�?3�Q?�Q?4�Q?�Q?�Q? 来搜索，��可以找到地址。显�C�Zؓ(f��)�Q?
　　士兵�U�类�Q?FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
　　 FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF 03 00 00 00�Q�士光|��?BR>　　 0E 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
　　 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
　　 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
　　 25 26 27 28 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 00 00 00 00
　　 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
　　 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
　　 FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF FF
　　 FF�?0作�ؓ(f��)一��|��?格是代表一�U�属性，物品�Q?状态等�{�。前�?8格是士兵的种�c�，接下�?8格是士兵的数量。例�? 英雄可带7�U�士兵，你要每种都是天��Q�那么把
　　 03 00 00 00 前面的FF FF FF FF 改�ؓ(f��)0D 00 00 00�?如果你要数量100�Q?那么�?BR>　　 03 00 00 00 改�ؓ(f��)64 00 00 00�?士兵的种�c�L��q�样分的�Q?0 00 00 00 是枪兵，
　　 01 00 00 00 �?�q�化一�U�的枪兵�Q?2 00 00 00 是弓��手�Q?3 00 00 00 是神��手�?BR>　　如此�c�L��?BR>　　
　　 �?3那一格开始数�Q?8格后��是英雄的技能等�U�，接着�?8格是英雄的技能，
　　也就是从01�?8代表的是英雄的技能等�U�，技能等�U�最多只能是3�?BR>　　 01 ��术�{�� 02 寻�\术等�U?03 后勤学等�U?BR>　　 04 侦察术等�U?05 外交术等�U?06 航�v术等�U?BR>　　 07 领导术等�U?08 智慧术等�U?09 ��秘术等�U?BR>　　 10 �q�运术等�U?11 �?x��)w��术等�U?12 鹰眼术等�U?BR>　　 13 招魂术等�U?14 理胦术等�U?15 火系��法�{��
　　 16 气系��法�{�� 17 水系��法�{�� 18 土系��法�{��
　　 19 学术�{�� 20 战术�{�� 21 炮术�{��
　　 22 学习(f��n)能力�{�� 23 �q�攻术等�U?24 防�M术等�U?

但是每次使用FPE真的很麻烦，我又是很懒的人。FPE可以做到的事情，我也可以做到�?BR>其实游戏修改不过是��?STRONG>ReadProcessMemory�?STRONG>WriteProcessMemory

�׃��半天不断的试验，�l�于写出一个可以用于英雄无�?.1版的修改器，没有写界面（I'm lazy-:)�Q�，�q�行之后��是让我方英雄学�?x��)所有技能�?BR>

#include <windows.h>
#include <tlhelp32.h>
#include <cstdio>

const char MODULE_NAME[] = "Heroes3.exe";

void printError( TCHAR* msg )
{
    DWORD eNum;
    TCHAR sysMsg[256];
    TCHAR* p;

    eNum = GetLastError( );
    FormatMessage( FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM | FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,
        NULL, eNum,
        MAKELANGID(LANG_NEUTRAL, SUBLANG_DEFAULT), // Default language
        sysMsg, 256, NULL );

    // Trim the end of the line and terminate it with a null
    p = sysMsg;
    while( ( *p > 31 ) || ( *p == 9 ) )
        ++p;
    do { *p-- = 0; } while( ( p >= sysMsg ) &&
        ( ( *p == '.' ) || ( *p < 33 ) ) );

    // Display the message
    printf( "WARNING: %s failed with error %d (%s)\n", msg, eNum, sysMsg );
}

DWORD findProcessId(const char *module)
{
    DWORD result = -1;
    HANDLE hProcessSnap;

    // Take a snapshot of all processes in the system.
    hProcessSnap = CreateToolhelp32Snapshot( TH32CS_SNAPPROCESS, 0 );
    if( hProcessSnap == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE )
    {
        printError( "CreateToolhelp32Snapshot (of processes)" );
        return result;
    }

    PROCESSENTRY32 pe32;
    // Set the size of the structure before using it.
    pe32.dwSize = sizeof( PROCESSENTRY32 );

    // Retrieve information about the first process,
    // and exit if unsuccessful
    if( !Process32First( hProcessSnap, &pe32 ) )
    {
        printError( "Process32First" );  // Show cause of failure
        CloseHandle( hProcessSnap );     // Must clean up the snapshot object!
        return result;
    }

    // Now walk the snapshot of processes, and
    // display information about each process in turn
    do
    {
        if(stricmp(pe32.szExeFile,module)==0)
        {
            printf( "find process:  %s\n", module );
            result = pe32.th32ProcessID;
            break;
        }

    } while( Process32Next( hProcessSnap, &pe32 ) );

    CloseHandle( hProcessSnap );
    return result;
}

int main(int argc,char *argv[])
{
    DWORD h3pid = -1;

    h3pid =  findProcessId(MODULE_NAME);
    if(h3pid == -1)
    {
        printf("can't find %s in memory,please make sure the program started!\n",MODULE_NAME);
        return 1;
    }

    HANDLE h3 = OpenProcess( PROCESS_ALL_ACCESS, FALSE, h3pid );
    if( h3 == NULL )
    {
      printError( "OpenProcess" );
      return 1;
    }

    unsigned long sideOffset=0x824994;
    unsigned char side = 0xff;
    if(!ReadProcessMemory(h3,(LPCVOID)sideOffset,&side,1,0)) //查找我方的颜�?BR>    {
        printError( "ReadProcessMemory" );
        return 1;
    }

    if(side!=0xff)
    {
        printf("find current side:%d\n",(int)side);
    }
    else
    {
        printf("can't find current side\n");
        side = 0;
    }

    unsigned long heroBaseAddress = 0x15216ab;  //hero name start
    unsigned char name[20]={0};
    unsigned long temp = heroBaseAddress-1;

    char b[28]; //28�U�技�?BR>    int size = sizeof(b);
    memset(b,3,size);
    b[12]=0;//不学招魂�?BR>
    for(int i=0;i<=155;++i) //一�?56个Hero
    {
        if(!ReadProcessMemory(h3,(LPCVOID)temp,name,sizeof(name),0))
        {
            printError( "ReadProcessMemory" );
            return 1;
        }
        if(name[0]==side)
        {
            printf("find:%s\t",name+1);
            if(!WriteProcessMemory(h3,(LPVOID)(temp+0xA7),b,size,0))
            {
                printError( "WriteProcessMemory" );
                return 1;
            }
            else
            {
                printf("update skill sucess!\n");
            }
        }
        temp += 0x492;
    }

    CloseHandle(h3);
    return 0;
}

附加:
让我方英雄所有英雄学�?x��)除了招��术的以外�?7�U�技能的��程�?/P>

以前英雄世界也有一个这��L(f��ng)��E�序�Q�但是版本太老，不能用了�?/P>

使用版本:中文�?.1,其他版本没有��试

使用�Ҏ(gu��)��:�q�入游戏后，�q�行�E�序

Download: http://www.shnenglu.com/Files/sandy/h3c.zip

��明 2005-12-19 11:37 发表评论

Ogre的Singleton实现以及改进

��明 — Wed, 30 Nov 2005 03:38:00 GMT

www.ogre3d.org
OGRE: A 3D library for OpenGL and/or Direct3D

template <typename T> class Singleton
{
protected:
static T* ms_Singleton;

public:
Singleton( void )
{
    assert( !ms_Singleton );
    ms_Singleton = static_cast< T* >( this );
}
~Singleton( void )
    {  assert( ms_Singleton );  ms_Singleton = 0;  }
static T& getSingleton( void )
    {  assert( ms_Singleton );  return ( *ms_Singleton );  }
static T* getSingletonPtr( void )
    {  return ( ms_Singleton );  }
};

//client端的代码
//Singleton的类
//Root.h
class Root:public Singleton<Root>
{
   public:
      void Use();
};

//初始�?BR>//Root.cpp
Root * Singleton<Root>::ms_Singleton =0;
Root g_root;//must declare once only

//使用
//Test.Cpp
Root::getSingleton().Use();

很简单，使用的技巧是template base class
�q�种实现�Ҏ(gu��)��的好处是复用性好�?BR>不过使用者要声明Root * Singleton::ms_Singleton =0;��厌的

改进�Ҏ(gu��)��Q�template static member function
也就是改变声明一个static T*在template class�Q�换成��用静态成员函数取出instance

template <typename T> class Singleton
{
private:
static T* & ms_Singleton()
        {
                static T* ms_Singleton_ =0 ;
                return ms_Singleton_;
        }

public:
Singleton( void )
{
    assert( !ms_Singleton() );
    ms_Singleton() = static_cast< T* >( this );
}
~Singleton( void )
        {  assert( ms_Singleton() );  ms_Singleton() = 0;  }
static T& getSingleton( void )
        {  assert( ms_Singleton() );  return ( *ms_Singleton() );  }
static T* getSingletonPtr( void )
        {  return ( ms_Singleton() );  }
};

��明 2005-11-30 11:38 发表评论