POCO C++ Libraries提供一套 C++ 的類庫用以開發(fā)基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的可移植的應(yīng)用程序,功能涉及線程、文件、流,網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議包括:HTTP、FTP、SMTP 等,還提供 XML 的解析和 SQL 數(shù)據(jù)庫的訪問接口。不僅給我的工作帶來極大的便利,而且設(shè)計巧妙,代碼易讀,注釋豐富,也是非常好的學(xué)習(xí)材料,我個人非常喜歡。POCO的創(chuàng)始人在這個開源項目的基礎(chǔ)上做了一些收費產(chǎn)品,也成立了自己的公司,"I am in the lucky position to work for my own company",真是讓人羨慕啊。
POCO C++ Libraries

基于POCO的產(chǎn)品

Poco主頁:
http://pocoproject.org/Poco文檔:
http://pocoproject.org/docs/創(chuàng)始人主頁:
http://obiltschnig.com/公司主頁:
http://www.appinf.com/我主要用過Net,Data,XML部分,Net里對socket的封裝類,實現(xiàn)TCP,HTTP,SMTP協(xié)議的框架,Data里對MySQL接口封裝,XML里對DOM標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的實現(xiàn)。我目前主要是做C++網(wǎng)絡(luò)編程,曾經(jīng)嘗試接觸ACE庫,但覺得太復(fù)雜難理解,而且也沒有條件用于項目,后來發(fā)現(xiàn)了Poco,不僅簡單易用,而且也包含《C++ Networking Programming》中提到的各種模式和框架,更難得的是文檔注釋豐富,看起源碼來相當(dāng)舒服。因此想寫一些筆記,一方面借此加深對網(wǎng)絡(luò)編程的理解,另一方面也希望和大家多多交流。
第一篇討論Poco::TCPServer框架,先看看Poco::TCPServer有哪些類
class Net_API TCPServer: public Poco::Runnable
class Net_API TCPServerConnection: public Poco::Runnable
class Net_API TCPServerConnectionFactory
class Net_API TCPServerDispatcher: public Poco::Runnable
class Net_API TCPServerParams: public Poco::RefCountedObject
Runnable是一個抽象類,要求其子類實現(xiàn)一個run()函數(shù),run()一般作為線程的入口函數(shù).
先看看run函數(shù)是如何被調(diào)用的,以TCPServer為例。
void TCPServer::start()


{
poco_assert (_stopped);

_stopped = false;
_thread.start(*this);//這里傳入本類對象地址
}
再看看Thread類的start函數(shù)
class Foundation_API Thread: private ThreadImpl
void Thread::start(Runnable& target)


{
startImpl(target);
}
這里的ThreadImpl::startImpl是POSIX實現(xiàn)版本
void ThreadImpl::startImpl(Runnable& target)


{

_pData->pRunnableTarget = ⌖
if (pthread_create(&_pData->thread, &attributes, runnableEntry, this))

{
_pData->pRunnableTarget = 0;
throw SystemException("cannot start thread");
}

pRunnableTarget就指向Runnable了
void* ThreadImpl::runnableEntry(void* pThread)


{

ThreadImpl* pThreadImpl = reinterpret_cast<ThreadImpl*>(pThread);
AutoPtr<ThreadData> pData = pThreadImpl->_pData;
try

{
pData->pRunnableTarget->run();//在這里
}
catch (Exception& exc)

知道run()是如何被調(diào)用了,再看看TcpServer::run()的實現(xiàn)
1
void TCPServer::run()
2

{
3
while (!_stopped)
4
{
5
Poco::Timespan timeout(250000);
6
if (_socket.poll(timeout, Socket::SELECT_READ))
7
{
8
try
9
{
10
StreamSocket ss = _socket.acceptConnection();
11
// enabe nodelay per default: OSX really needs that
12
ss.setNoDelay(true);
13
_pDispatcher->enqueue(ss);
14
}
15
catch (Poco::Exception& exc)
16

在第6行調(diào)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)select函數(shù),準(zhǔn)備好讀后,第10行調(diào)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)accept建立連接,然后把StreamSocke對象放入TCPServerDispatcher對象內(nèi)的隊列中,可見TCPServer只是建立連接,之后的工作就都交給TCPServerDispatcher了。
在講TCPServerDispatcher之前,先需要說明的是第10行TCPServer的_socket成員變量類型是ServerSocket,ServerSocket在一個構(gòu)造函數(shù)中調(diào)用了bind和listen,具體如下
ServerSocket::ServerSocket(Poco::UInt16 port, int backlog): Socket(new ServerSocketImpl)


{
IPAddress wildcardAddr;
SocketAddress address(wildcardAddr, port);
impl()->bind(address, true);
impl()->listen(backlog);
}
要注意,盡管ServerSocket類提供了無參構(gòu)造函數(shù),但使用無參構(gòu)造函數(shù)創(chuàng)建的對象,在TCPServer對象調(diào)用start()之前,必須先bind和listen。
" /// Before start() is called, the ServerSocket passed to
/// TCPServer must have been bound and put into listening state."
繼續(xù)看TCPServerDispatcher,沿著TcpServer::run()第13行,我們看它的equeue()
1
void TCPServerDispatcher::enqueue(const StreamSocket& socket)
2

{
3
FastMutex::ScopedLock lock(_mutex);
4
5
if (_queue.size() < _pParams->getMaxQueued())
6
{
7
_queue.enqueueNotification(new TCPConnectionNotification(socket));
8
if (!_queue.hasIdleThreads() && _currentThreads < _pParams->getMaxThreads())
9
{
10
try
11
{
12
static const std::string threadName("TCPServerConnection");
13
_threadPool.start(*this, threadName);
14
++_currentThreads;
15
}
16
catch (Poco::Exception&)
17

第7行enqueueNotification把一個TCPConnectionNotification入隊,第13行把this交給ThreadPool啟動一個線程,那么這個線程就要運行TCPServerDispatcher的run函數(shù)了,看TCPServerDispatcher::run()
1
void TCPServerDispatcher::run()
2

{
3
AutoPtr<TCPServerDispatcher> guard(this, true); // ensure object stays alive
4
5
int idleTime = (int) _pParams->getThreadIdleTime().totalMilliseconds();
6
7
for (;;)
8
{
9
AutoPtr<Notification> pNf = _queue.waitDequeueNotification(idleTime);
10
if (pNf)
11
{
12
TCPConnectionNotification* pCNf = dynamic_cast<TCPConnectionNotification*>(pNf.get());
13
if (pCNf)
14
{
15
std::auto_ptr<TCPServerConnection> pConnection(_pConnectionFactory->createConnection(pCNf->socket()));
16
poco_check_ptr(pConnection.get());
17
beginConnection();
18
pConnection->start();
19
endConnection();
20
}
21
}

第9行waitDequeueNotification一個Notification,第12行把這個通知類型轉(zhuǎn)換成TCPConnectionNotification,聯(lián)系之前的enqueueNotification,大概能才到是什么意思。第15行又出現(xiàn)個TCPServerConnection。好吧,看來搞清楚TCPServerDispatcher還是要先看下TCPServerConnection,還有TCPConnectionNotification。
盡管TCPServerConnection繼承了Runable,但沒有實現(xiàn)run(),它的start()如下
void TCPServerConnection::start()


{
try

{
run();
}


用戶需要繼承TCPServerConnection實現(xiàn)run函數(shù),看下源碼中的說明,要完成對這個socket的處理,因為run函數(shù)返回時,連接就自動關(guān)閉了。
class Net_API TCPServerConnection: public Poco::Runnable

/**//// The abstract base class for TCP server connections
/// created by TCPServer.
///
/// Derived classes must override the run() method
/// (inherited from Runnable). Furthermore, a
/// TCPServerConnectionFactory must be provided for the subclass.
///
/// The run() method must perform the complete handling
/// of the client connection. As soon as the run() method
/// returns, the server connection object is destroyed and
/// the connection is automatically closed.
///
/// A new TCPServerConnection object will be created for
/// each new client connection that is accepted by
/// TCPServer.
連接在哪被關(guān)閉的呢,注釋說隨著TCPServerConnection對象銷毀而關(guān)閉。具體就是,TCPServerConnection類有個StreamSocket成員,StreamSocket繼承自Socket,Socket類又包含了個SocketImpl成員,所以就有~TCPServerConnection()->~StreamSocket()->~Socket()->~SocketImpl(),最后~SocketImpl()調(diào)用close()關(guān)閉了連接。
那么TCPServerConnection對象何時被創(chuàng)建何時被銷毀呢,這下又回到TCPServerDispatcher::run()來了,看TCPServerDispatcher::run()的第15行,創(chuàng)建了TCPServerConnection對象,第18行調(diào)用TCPServerConnection::start()進而調(diào)用TCPServerConnection::run(),第20行塊結(jié)束,TCPServerConnection對象隨著智能指針銷毀而被銷毀。
還剩TCPConnectionNotification或者說Notification要搞清楚了,但是要對Poco的Notifactions模塊源碼進行分析的話,本文的篇幅也就太長了,就從文檔來大致看看吧
Notifications
Facilities for type-safe sending and delivery of notification objects within a single thread or from one thread to another, also well suited for the implementation of notification mechanisms. A notification queue class for distributing tasks to worker threads, simplifying the implementation of multithreaded servers.
簡單的說Notifications模塊可用于線程間傳遞消息,簡化多線程服務(wù)器的實現(xiàn)。具體到TCPServer,就是把已連接的socket,放到NotificationQueue中,并從TheadPool出來一個線程,線程從NotificationQueue取到這個socket,從而用TCPServerConnection::run()里的邏輯對socket進行處理。
至此TCPServer基本分析完畢,還有TCPServerConnectionFactory和TCPServerParams,分別用于產(chǎn)生TCPServerConnection和設(shè)置參數(shù),就不細說了。
縱觀Poco::TCPServer,套一下
《Unix Network Programming》里講的服務(wù)器模型,屬于“在程序啟動階段創(chuàng)建一個線程池之后讓主線程調(diào)用accept,并把每個客戶連接傳遞給池中某個可用線程”。Poco1.3.6版里用select作為IO multiplexing。1.3.7版正在嘗試epoll(windows平臺依然是select),但還未release,跟蹤svn來看也沒有使用edge-triggered模式。套用《The C10K problem》里講的服務(wù)器模型,屬于"Serve many clients with each thread, and use nonblocking I/O and level-triggered readiness notification"。總結(jié)起來就是:non-blocking IO + IO multiplexing(level-triggered) + thread pool。
Poco::TCPServer也許并不能算一個性能很高的TCP服務(wù)器,但我非常喜歡它的設(shè)計和編碼風(fēng)格。順便提一下對底層socket的封裝,由socket類派生的各種子類,ServerSocket在構(gòu)造函數(shù)中進行bind和listen,StreamSocket在構(gòu)造函數(shù)進行connect,都是非常貼心的設(shè)計。
下一篇打算分析Poco的Reator框架。