Singleton模式是常用的設(shè)計(jì)模式之一,但是要實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)真正實(shí)用的設(shè)計(jì)模式卻也不是件容易的事情。
1. 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的實(shí)現(xiàn)
class Singleton
{
public:
static Singleton * Instance()
{
if( 0== _instance)
{
_instance = new Singleton;
}
return _instance;
}
protected:
Singleton(void)
{
}
virtual ~Singleton(void)
{
}
static Singleton* _instance;
};
這是教科書(shū)上使用的方法??雌饋?lái)沒(méi)有什么問(wèn)題,其實(shí)包含很多的問(wèn)題。下面我們一個(gè)一個(gè)的解決。
2. 自動(dòng)垃圾回收
上面的程序必須記住在程序結(jié)束的時(shí)候,釋放內(nèi)存。為了讓它自動(dòng)的釋放內(nèi)存,我們引入auto_ptr改變它。
#include <memory>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Singleton
{
public:
static Singleton * Instance()
{
if( 0== _instance.get())
{
_instance.reset( new Singleton);
}
return _instance.get();
}
protected:
Singleton(void)
{
cout <<"Create Singleton"<<endl;
}
virtual ~Singleton(void)
{
cout << "Destroy Singleton"<<endl;
}
friend class auto_ptr<Singleton>;
static auto_ptr<Singleton> _instance;
};
//Singleton.cpp
auto_ptr<Singleton> Singleton::_instance;
3. 增加模板
在我的一個(gè)工程中,有多個(gè)的Singleton類,對(duì)Singleton類,我都要實(shí)現(xiàn)上面這一切,這讓我覺(jué)得煩死了。于是我想到了模板來(lái)完成這些重復(fù)的工作。
現(xiàn)在我們要添加本文中最吸引人單件實(shí)現(xiàn):
/********************************************************************
(c) 2003-2005 C2217 Studio
Module: Singleton.h
Author: Yangjun D.
Created: 9/3/2005 23:17
Purpose: Implement singleton pattern
History:
*********************************************************************/
#pragma once
#include <memory>
using namespace std;
using namespace C2217::Win32;
namespace C2217
{
namespace Pattern
{
template <class T>
class Singleton
{
public:
static inline T* instance();
private:
Singleton(void){}
~Singleton(void){}
Singleton(const Singleton&){}
Singleton & operator= (const Singleton &){}
static auto_ptr<T> _instance;
};
template <class T>
auto_ptr<T> Singleton<T>::_instance;
template <class T>
inline T* Singleton<T>::instance()
{
if( 0== _instance.get())
{
_instance.reset ( new T);
}
return _instance.get();
}
//Class that will implement the singleton mode,
//must use the macro in it's delare file
#define DECLARE_SINGLETON_CLASS( type ) \
friend class auto_ptr< type >;\
friend class Singleton< type >;
}
}
4. 線程安全
上面的程序可以適應(yīng)單線程的程序。但是如果把它用到多線程的程序就會(huì)發(fā)生問(wèn)題。主要的問(wèn)題在于同時(shí)執(zhí)行_instance.reset ( new T); 就會(huì)同時(shí)產(chǎn)生兩個(gè)新的對(duì)象,然后馬上釋放一個(gè),這跟Singleton模式的本意不符。所以,你需要更加安全的版本:
/********************************************************************
(c) 2003-2005 C2217 Studio
Module: Singleton.h
Author: Yangjun D.
Created: 9/3/2005 23:17
Purpose: Implement singleton pattern
History:
*********************************************************************/
#pragma once
#include <memory>
using namespace std;
#include "Interlocked.h"
using namespace C2217::Win32;
namespace C2217
{
namespace Pattern
{
template <class T>
class Singleton
{
public:
static inline T* instance();
private:
Singleton(void){}
~Singleton(void){}
Singleton(const Singleton&){}
Singleton & operator= (const Singleton &){}
static auto_ptr<T> _instance;
static CResGuard _rs;
};
template <class T>
auto_ptr<T> Singleton<T>::_instance;
template <class T>
CResGuard Singleton<T>::_rs;
template <class T>
inline T* Singleton<T>::instance()
{
if( 0 == _instance.get() )
{
CResGuard::CGuard gd(_rs);
if( 0== _instance.get())
{
_instance.reset ( new T);
}
}
return _instance.get();
}
//Class that will implement the singleton mode,
//must use the macro in it's delare file
#define DECLARE_SINGLETON_CLASS( type ) \
friend class auto_ptr< type >;\
friend class Singleton< type >;
}
}
CresGuard 類主要的功能是線程訪問(wèn)同步,代碼如下:
/******************************************************************************
Module: Interlocked.h
Notices: Copyright (c) 2000 Jeffrey Richter
******************************************************************************/
#pragma once
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Instances of this class will be accessed by multiple threads. So,
// all members of this class (except the constructor and destructor)
// must be thread-safe.
class CResGuard {
public:
CResGuard() { m_lGrdCnt = 0; InitializeCriticalSection(&m_cs); }
~CResGuard() { DeleteCriticalSection(&m_cs); }
// IsGuarded is used for debugging
BOOL IsGuarded() const { return(m_lGrdCnt > 0); }
public:
class CGuard {
public:
CGuard(CResGuard& rg) : m_rg(rg) { m_rg.Guard(); };
~CGuard() { m_rg.Unguard(); }
private:
CResGuard& m_rg;
};
private:
void Guard() { EnterCriticalSection(&m_cs); m_lGrdCnt++; }
void Unguard() { m_lGrdCnt--; LeaveCriticalSection(&m_cs); }
// Guard/Unguard can only be accessed by the nested CGuard class.
friend class CResGuard::CGuard;
private:
CRITICAL_SECTION m_cs;
long m_lGrdCnt; // # of EnterCriticalSection calls
};
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
5. 實(shí)用方法
比如你有一個(gè)需要實(shí)現(xiàn)單件模式的類,就應(yīng)該這樣實(shí)現(xiàn):
#pragma once
#include "singleton.h"
using namespace C2217::Pattern;
class ServiceManger
{
public:
void Run()
{
}
private:
ServiceManger(void)
{
}
virtual ~ServiceManger(void)
{
}
DECLARE_SINGLETON_CLASS(ServiceManger);
};
typedef Singleton<ServiceManger> SSManger;
在使用的時(shí)候很簡(jiǎn)單,跟一般的Singleton實(shí)現(xiàn)的方法沒(méi)有什么不同。
int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
SSManger::instance()->Run();
}
一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的Singleton模式的實(shí)現(xiàn),可以看到C++語(yǔ)言背后隱藏的豐富的語(yǔ)意,我希望有人能實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)更好的Singleton讓大家學(xué)習(xí)。我從一開(kāi)始實(shí)現(xiàn)Singleton類的過(guò)程,其實(shí)就是我學(xué)習(xí)C++的過(guò)程,越是深入越覺(jué)得C++了不起。