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      這里要討論的是，DXUT中的一般框架。以前看了很多資料了，講得十分詳細。不過我在這里就把一些簡單的東西總結一下，比如DXUT的工作機制以及模式。對只想了解一下并且快速上手使用的人應該很有幫助。
      下面要說的只是我自己自學以及領悟到的內容而已，難免有疏漏和錯誤，希望讀者可以幫我指出。

      DXUT，就是DirectX SDK中附帶的一個功能齊全的Direct3D底層框架，有各種語言版本，但其實構架都差不多。這里以C++的為標準，SDK版本為June 2008。

      先把DirectX SDK里的EmptyProject安裝了，打開工程。

      簡單了解的話，只用來看一下這個DXUT.h，我再稍微說一下就應該大概明白了。
      不要被代碼嚇住！！！往后看吧。這個代碼是拿來對照講的。

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2

// File: DXUT.h
3

//
4

// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
5

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6

#pragma once
7

#ifndef DXUT_H
8

#define DXUT_H
9

#ifndef UNICODE
11

#error "DXUT requires a Unicode build. See the nearby comments for details"
12

//
13

// If you are using Microsoft Visual C++ .NET, under the General tab of the project
14

// properties change the Character Set to 'Use Unicode Character Set'.
15

//
16

// Windows XP and later are native Unicode so Unicode applications will perform better.
17

// For Windows 98 and Windows Me support, consider using the Microsoft Layer for Unicode (MSLU).
18

//
19

// To use MSLU, link against a set of libraries similar to this
20

// /nod:kernel32.lib /nod:advapi32.lib /nod:user32.lib /nod:gdi32.lib /nod:shell32.lib /nod:comdlg32.lib /nod:version.lib /nod:mpr.lib /nod:rasapi32.lib /nod:winmm.lib /nod:winspool.lib /nod:vfw32.lib /nod:secur32.lib /nod:oleacc.lib /nod:oledlg.lib /nod:sensapi.lib UnicoWS.lib kernel32.lib advapi32.lib user32.lib gdi32.lib shell32.lib comdlg32.lib version.lib mpr.lib rasapi32.lib winmm.lib winspool.lib vfw32.lib secur32.lib oleacc.lib oledlg.lib sensapi.lib dxerr.lib dxguid.lib d3dx9d.lib d3d9.lib comctl32.lib dsound.lib
21

// and put the unicows.dll (available for download from msdn.microsoft.com) in the exe's folder.
22

//
23

// For more details see the MSDN article titled:
24

// "MSLU: Develop Unicode Applications for Windows 9x Platforms with the Microsoft Layer for Unicode"
25

// at http://msdn.microsoft.com/msdnmag/issues/01/10/MSLU/default.aspx
26

//
27

#endif
28

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
30

// Structs
31

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
32

class CD3DEnumeration;
33

struct DXUTDeviceSettings
35

{
36

UINT AdapterOrdinal;
37

D3DDEVTYPE DeviceType;
38

D3DFORMAT AdapterFormat;
39

DWORD BehaviorFlags;
40

D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS pp;
41

};
42

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
45

// Error codes
46

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
47

#define DXUTERR_NODIRECT3D MAKE_HRESULT(SEVERITY_ERROR, FACILITY_ITF, 0x0901)
48

#define DXUTERR_NOCOMPATIBLEDEVICES MAKE_HRESULT(SEVERITY_ERROR, FACILITY_ITF, 0x0902)
49

#define DXUTERR_MEDIANOTFOUND MAKE_HRESULT(SEVERITY_ERROR, FACILITY_ITF, 0x0903)
50

#define DXUTERR_NONZEROREFCOUNT MAKE_HRESULT(SEVERITY_ERROR, FACILITY_ITF, 0x0904)
51

#define DXUTERR_CREATINGDEVICE MAKE_HRESULT(SEVERITY_ERROR, FACILITY_ITF, 0x0905)
52

#define DXUTERR_RESETTINGDEVICE MAKE_HRESULT(SEVERITY_ERROR, FACILITY_ITF, 0x0906)
53

#define DXUTERR_CREATINGDEVICEOBJECTS MAKE_HRESULT(SEVERITY_ERROR, FACILITY_ITF, 0x0907)
54

#define DXUTERR_RESETTINGDEVICEOBJECTS MAKE_HRESULT(SEVERITY_ERROR, FACILITY_ITF, 0x0908)
55

#define DXUTERR_INCORRECTVERSION MAKE_HRESULT(SEVERITY_ERROR, FACILITY_ITF, 0x0909)
56

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
59

// Callback registration
60

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
61

typedef bool (CALLBACK *LPDXUTCALLBACKISDEVICEACCEPTABLE)( D3DCAPS9* pCaps, D3DFORMAT AdapterFormat, D3DFORMAT BackBufferFormat, bool bWindowed, void* pUserContext );
62

typedef bool (CALLBACK *LPDXUTCALLBACKMODIFYDEVICESETTINGS)( DXUTDeviceSettings* pDeviceSettings, const D3DCAPS9* pCaps, void* pUserContext );
63

typedef HRESULT (CALLBACK *LPDXUTCALLBACKDEVICECREATED)( IDirect3DDevice9* pd3dDevice, const D3DSURFACE_DESC* pBackBufferSurfaceDesc, void* pUserContext );
64

typedef HRESULT (CALLBACK *LPDXUTCALLBACKDEVICERESET)( IDirect3DDevice9* pd3dDevice, const D3DSURFACE_DESC* pBackBufferSurfaceDesc, void* pUserContext );
65

typedef void (CALLBACK *LPDXUTCALLBACKDEVICEDESTROYED)( void* pUserContext );
66

typedef void (CALLBACK *LPDXUTCALLBACKDEVICELOST)( void* pUserContext );
67

typedef void (CALLBACK *LPDXUTCALLBACKFRAMEMOVE)( IDirect3DDevice9* pd3dDevice, double fTime, float fElapsedTime, void* pUserContext );
68

typedef void (CALLBACK *LPDXUTCALLBACKFRAMERENDER)( IDirect3DDevice9* pd3dDevice, double fTime, float fElapsedTime, void* pUserContext );
69

typedef void (CALLBACK *LPDXUTCALLBACKKEYBOARD)( UINT nChar, bool bKeyDown, bool bAltDown, void* pUserContext );
70

typedef void (CALLBACK *LPDXUTCALLBACKMOUSE)( bool bLeftButtonDown, bool bRightButtonDown, bool bMiddleButtonDown, bool bSideButton1Down, bool bSideButton2Down, int nMouseWheelDelta, int xPos, int yPos, void* pUserContext );
71

typedef LRESULT (CALLBACK *LPDXUTCALLBACKMSGPROC)( HWND hWnd, UINT uMsg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam, bool* pbNoFurtherProcessing, void* pUserContext );
72

typedef void (CALLBACK *LPDXUTCALLBACKTIMER)( UINT idEvent, void* pUserContext );
73

// Device callbacks
75

void DXUTSetCallbackDeviceCreated( LPDXUTCALLBACKDEVICECREATED pCallbackDeviceCreated, void* pUserContext = NULL );
76

void DXUTSetCallbackDeviceReset( LPDXUTCALLBACKDEVICERESET pCallbackDeviceReset, void* pUserContext = NULL );
77

void DXUTSetCallbackDeviceLost( LPDXUTCALLBACKDEVICELOST pCallbackDeviceLost, void* pUserContext = NULL );
78

void DXUTSetCallbackDeviceDestroyed( LPDXUTCALLBACKDEVICEDESTROYED pCallbackDeviceDestroyed, void* pUserContext = NULL );
79

void DXUTSetCallbackDeviceChanging( LPDXUTCALLBACKMODIFYDEVICESETTINGS pCallbackModifyDeviceSettings, void* pUserContext = NULL );
80

// Frame callbacks
82

void DXUTSetCallbackFrameMove( LPDXUTCALLBACKFRAMEMOVE pCallbackFrameMove, void* pUserContext = NULL );
83

void DXUTSetCallbackFrameRender( LPDXUTCALLBACKFRAMERENDER pCallbackFrameRender, void* pUserContext = NULL );
84

// Message callbacks
86

void DXUTSetCallbackKeyboard( LPDXUTCALLBACKKEYBOARD pCallbackKeyboard, void* pUserContext = NULL );
87

void DXUTSetCallbackMouse( LPDXUTCALLBACKMOUSE pCallbackMouse, bool bIncludeMouseMove = false, void* pUserContext = NULL );
88

void DXUTSetCallbackMsgProc( LPDXUTCALLBACKMSGPROC pCallbackMsgProc, void* pUserContext = NULL );
89

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
92

// Initialization
93

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
94

HRESULT DXUTInit( bool bParseCommandLine = true, bool bHandleDefaultHotkeys = true, bool bShowMsgBoxOnError = true, bool bHandleAltEnter = true );
95

// Choose either DXUTCreateWindow or DXUTSetWindow. If using DXUTSetWindow, consider using DXUTStaticWndProc
97

HRESULT DXUTCreateWindow( const WCHAR* strWindowTitle = L"Direct3D Window",
98

HINSTANCE hInstance = NULL, HICON hIcon = NULL, HMENU hMenu = NULL,
99

int x = CW_USEDEFAULT, int y = CW_USEDEFAULT );
100

HRESULT DXUTSetWindow( HWND hWndFocus, HWND hWndDeviceFullScreen, HWND hWndDeviceWindowed, bool bHandleMessages = true );
101

LRESULT CALLBACK DXUTStaticWndProc( HWND hWnd, UINT uMsg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam );
102

103

// Choose either DXUTCreateDevice or DXUTSetDevice or DXUTCreateDeviceFromSettings
104

HRESULT DXUTCreateDevice( UINT AdapterOrdinal = D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, bool bWindowed = true,
105

int nSuggestedWidth = 0, int nSuggestedHeight = 0,
106

LPDXUTCALLBACKISDEVICEACCEPTABLE pCallbackIsDeviceAcceptable = NULL,
107

LPDXUTCALLBACKMODIFYDEVICESETTINGS pCallbackModifyDeviceSettings = NULL,
108

void* pUserContext = NULL );
109

HRESULT DXUTCreateDeviceFromSettings( DXUTDeviceSettings* pDeviceSettings, bool bPreserveInput = false, bool bClipWindowToSingleAdapter = true );
110

HRESULT DXUTSetDevice( IDirect3DDevice9* pd3dDevice );
111

112

// Choose either DXUTMainLoop or implement your own main loop
113

HRESULT DXUTMainLoop( HACCEL hAccel = NULL );
114

115

// If not using DXUTMainLoop consider using DXUTRender3DEnvironment
116

void DXUTRender3DEnvironment();
117

118

119

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
120

// Finding valid device settings
121

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
122

enum DXUT_MATCH_TYPE
123

{
124

DXUTMT_IGNORE_INPUT = 0, // Use the closest valid value to a default
125

DXUTMT_PRESERVE_INPUT, // Use input without change, but may cause no valid device to be found
126

DXUTMT_CLOSEST_TO_INPUT // Use the closest valid value to the input
127

};
128

129

struct DXUTMatchOptions
130

{
131

DXUT_MATCH_TYPE eAdapterOrdinal;
132

DXUT_MATCH_TYPE eDeviceType;
133

DXUT_MATCH_TYPE eWindowed;
134

DXUT_MATCH_TYPE eAdapterFormat;
135

DXUT_MATCH_TYPE eVertexProcessing;
136

DXUT_MATCH_TYPE eResolution;
137

DXUT_MATCH_TYPE eBackBufferFormat;
138

DXUT_MATCH_TYPE eBackBufferCount;
139

DXUT_MATCH_TYPE eMultiSample;
140

DXUT_MATCH_TYPE eSwapEffect;
141

DXUT_MATCH_TYPE eDepthFormat;
142

DXUT_MATCH_TYPE eStencilFormat;
143

DXUT_MATCH_TYPE ePresentFlags;
144

DXUT_MATCH_TYPE eRefreshRate;
145

DXUT_MATCH_TYPE ePresentInterval;
146

};
147

148

HRESULT DXUTFindValidDeviceSettings( DXUTDeviceSettings* pOut, DXUTDeviceSettings* pIn = NULL, DXUTMatchOptions* pMatchOptions = NULL );
149

150

151

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
152

// Common Tasks
153

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
154

void DXUTSetCursorSettings( bool bShowCursorWhenFullScreen, bool bClipCursorWhenFullScreen );
155

void DXUTSetMultimonSettings( bool bAutoChangeAdapter );
156

void DXUTSetShortcutKeySettings( bool bAllowWhenFullscreen = false, bool bAllowWhenWindowed = true ); // Controls the Windows key, and accessibility shortcut keys
157

void DXUTSetWindowSettings( bool bCallDefWindowProc = true );
158

void DXUTSetConstantFrameTime( bool bConstantFrameTime, float fTimePerFrame = 0.0163f );
159

HRESULT DXUTSetTimer( LPDXUTCALLBACKTIMER pCallbackTimer, float fTimeoutInSecs = 1.0f, UINT* pnIDEvent = NULL, void* pCallbackUserContext = NULL );
160

HRESULT DXUTKillTimer( UINT nIDEvent );
161

HRESULT DXUTToggleFullScreen();
162

HRESULT DXUTToggleREF();
163

void DXUTPause( bool bPauseTime, bool bPauseRendering );
164

void DXUTResetFrameworkState();
165

void DXUTShutdown( int nExitCode = 0 );
166

167

168

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
169

// State Retrieval
170

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
171

IDirect3D9* DXUTGetD3DObject(); // Does not addref unlike typical Get* APIs
172

IDirect3DDevice9* DXUTGetD3DDevice(); // Does not addref unlike typical Get* APIs
173

DXUTDeviceSettings DXUTGetDeviceSettings();
174

D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS DXUTGetPresentParameters();
175

const D3DSURFACE_DESC* DXUTGetBackBufferSurfaceDesc();
176

const D3DCAPS9* DXUTGetDeviceCaps();
177

HINSTANCE DXUTGetHINSTANCE();
178

HWND DXUTGetHWND();
179

HWND DXUTGetHWNDFocus();
180

HWND DXUTGetHWNDDeviceFullScreen();
181

HWND DXUTGetHWNDDeviceWindowed();
182

RECT DXUTGetWindowClientRect();
183

RECT DXUTGetWindowClientRectAtModeChange(); // Useful for returning to windowed mode with the same resolution as before toggle to full screen mode
184

RECT DXUTGetFullsceenClientRectAtModeChange(); // Useful for returning to full screen mode with the same resolution as before toggle to windowed mode
185

double DXUTGetTime();
186

float DXUTGetElapsedTime();
187

bool DXUTIsWindowed();
188

float DXUTGetFPS();
189

LPCWSTR DXUTGetWindowTitle();
190

LPCWSTR DXUTGetFrameStats( bool bIncludeFPS = false );
191

LPCWSTR DXUTGetDeviceStats();
192

bool DXUTIsRenderingPaused();
193

bool DXUTIsTimePaused();
194

bool DXUTIsActive();
195

int DXUTGetExitCode();
196

bool DXUTGetShowMsgBoxOnError();
197

bool DXUTGetHandleDefaultHotkeys();
198

bool DXUTIsKeyDown( BYTE vKey ); // Pass a virtual-key code, ex. VK_F1, 'A', VK_RETURN, VK_LSHIFT, etc
199

bool DXUTIsMouseButtonDown( BYTE vButton ); // Pass a virtual-key code: VK_LBUTTON, VK_RBUTTON, VK_MBUTTON, VK_XBUTTON1, VK_XBUTTON2
200

bool DXUTGetAutomation(); // Returns true if -automation parameter is used to launch the app
201

202

#endif
203

204

205

206

207

千萬別被代碼嚇住。對于不需要深入理解的我們來說，大多數都是不需要關心的。如果您需要深入理解的話，我非常抱歉我幫不上忙。在CPPBLOG里面有個標題為“天行健君子當自強不息”的一個BLOG里面有專門詳細解析DXUT的文章。鏈接請自己百度一下吧。

于是我們來關注一下這個優美的框架。它定義了很多回調函數，以及留了許多接口。
我們需要關心的是這幾個：
DXUTSetCallbackDeviceCreated
      為框架掛接上Direct3D設備創建后的回調函數
DXUTSetCallbackDeviceReset
      掛接Direct3D設備重置后的回調函數
DXUTSetCallbackDeviceLost
      掛接Direct3D設備丟失后的回調函數
DXUTSetCallbackDeviceDestroyed
      掛接Direct3D設備銷毀后的回調函數
DXUTSetCallbackFrameRender
      掛接每幀渲染場景時的回調函數
DXUTSetCallbackFrameMove
      掛接每幀渲染前需要更新場景時的回調函數
DXUTSetCallbackMouse
      掛接鼠標事件的回調函數
DXUTSetCallbackKeyboard
      掛接鍵盤事件的回調函數

于是我們打開EmptyProject.cpp
看著WinMain函數

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2

// Initialize everything and go into a render loop
3

//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4

INT WINAPI WinMain( HINSTANCE, HINSTANCE, LPSTR, int )
5

{
6

//設置回調函數
8

DXUTSetCallbackDeviceCreated( OnCreateDevice );
9

DXUTSetCallbackDeviceReset( OnResetDevice );
10

DXUTSetCallbackDeviceLost( OnLostDevice );
11

DXUTSetCallbackDeviceDestroyed( OnDestroyDevice );
12

DXUTSetCallbackMsgProc( MsgProc );
13

DXUTSetCallbackFrameRender( OnFrameRender );
14

DXUTSetCallbackFrameMove( OnFrameMove );
15

DXUTSetCallbackMouse( OnMouseEvent ,true);//第二個參數是指是否包含鼠標移動事件
16

DXUTSetCallbackKeyboard( OnKeyEvent );
17

// 這里寫在程序底層初始化前需要的代碼
19

// 初始化DXUT、程序窗口、Direct3D設備
22

DXUTInit( true, false, true ); // Parse the command line, handle the default hotkeys, and show msgboxes
23

DXUTSetCursorSettings( true, true ); // Show the cursor and clip it when in full screen
24

DXUTCreateWindow( “EmptyProject”);//窗口標題
25

DXUTCreateDevice( D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, true, 640, 480, IsDeviceAcceptable, ModifyDeviceSettings );//創建設備
26

// 開始DXUT主循環
27

DXUTMainLoop();
28

// 這里寫清理底層的代碼
30

return DXUTGetExitCode();
31

}

看見了么，在這里掛接了需要的回調函數，不如我們將他們叫做“事件”，這樣更好理解。
自己看一下就能明白那些代碼的意思了

OnCreateDevice OnResetDevice OnLostDevice OnDestroyDevice MSgProc OnFrameRender OnFrameMove OnMouseEvent OnKetEvent
這些都是已經定義好的CALLBACK，我們的框架將從DXUTMainLoop()這里開始

簡單來說，我們需要了解的就只有這些事件的觸發順序了。
HRESULT CALLBACK OnCreateDevice( Device* pd3dDevice, const D3DSURFACE_DESC* pBackBufferSurfaceDesc, void* pUserContext )
      這個事件在設備創建完畢時就會觸發，最先觸發的東西。第一個參數是創建后的設備，第二個是設備的表面參數。pUserContext不需要關心，因此不討論。下同。

HRESULT CALLBACK OnResetDevice( Device* pd3dDevice, const D3DSURFACE_DESC* pBackBufferSurfaceDesc, void* pUserContext )
      這個事件在設備重置的時候會觸發。那么什么叫做設備重置呢？等下會和設備丟失一起說。第一個參數是重置后的設備，第二個是重置后設備的表面參數。

void CALLBACK OnLostDevice( void* pUserContext )
      這個事件在設備丟失的時候會觸發。舉個簡單的例子，把窗口最小化的時候設備會丟失，而恢復的時候設備會重置。從全屏換為窗口的時候也會丟失并且重置。大概就是改變窗口的大小、位置、是否全屏的時候，會導致設備丟失，隨后恢復的時候會重置。這兩個事件的觸發就是為了在窗口改變的時候重新設置一些參數，讓畫面適應當前窗口設置。

void CALLBACK OnFrameMove( Device* pd3dDevice, double fTime, float fElapsedTime, void* pUserContext )
      這個事件在每幀繪制前會觸發，為的是更新場景信息。第一個參數是傳入的Direct3D設備，第二個參數是從第一次觸發這個事件到現在為止的時間，第三個參數是這次觸發此事件距上次的時間。

void CALLBACK OnFrameRender( Device* pd3dDevice, double fTime, float fElapsedTime, void* pUserContext )
      這個事件在每幀渲染屏幕的時候觸發。參數意義和OnFrameMove一樣。

void CALLBACK OnMouseEvent(bool bLeftButtonDown, bool bRightButtonDown, bool bMiddleButtonDown, bool bSideButton1Down,
         bool bSideButton2Down, int nMouseWheelDelta, int xPos, int yPos, void* pUserContext)
      這個事件在鼠標有動作的時候觸發。bLeftButtonDown:左鍵是否按下，bRighButtonDown:右鍵是否按下，bMiddleButtonDown:中間鍵是否按下，bSidebutton1Down:邊鍵1是否按下，bSideButton2Down:邊鍵2是否按下，nMouseWheelDelta:滾輪的滾動值，向手指指的方向滾動一格是-120，反之則為120，xPos:在窗口中的X坐標，yPos:在窗口中的Y坐標。

void CALLBACK OnKeyEvent( UINT nChar, bool bKeyDown, bool bAltDown, void* pUserContext )
      這個事件在鍵盤有動作的時候觸發。nChar:發生動作的鍵，bKeyDown:發生動作的鍵是被按下還是被抬起，bAltDown:Alt鍵是否同時被按下。

這些了解了后，你就可以開始干事兒了。你可以把上面的回調函數都當做事件來看，而且是多線程的，這樣更方便。
總結一下事件順序：

如上圖所示，DXUT的工作順序大概就是這樣。對于不需要深入了解DXUT工作細節來說，已經差不多了。

現在應該對框架的工作機制有一定得認識了，這篇簡單的文章也就這樣結束了。下一篇還是預告了吧，是在DXUT框架下，關于2D方面的東西。

順便說一些DXUT.h中比較實用的接口
163行:void DXUTPause( bool bPauseTime, bool bPauseRendering ); 讓OnFrameMove和OnFrameRender事件暫停或恢復觸發，第一個參數為是否停止計時，第二個為是否停止繪制。
178行:HWND DXUTGetHWND();獲取目前窗口句柄
182行:RECT DXUTGetWindowClientRect();
188行:float DXUTGetFPS();獲取當前的FPS（Frame Per second 每秒幀數）
差不多就這些。

以上的代碼在EmptyProject里面全部都有，這篇文章只是幫還沒有接觸過的新手入門而已。請勿鄙視，有任何意見和建議請提出，謝謝了。

現在已經傻瓜式地把框架搭建好了，并且可以簡單使用了。那么下一步該干嘛？干事兒唄。
下一篇：Direct3D中的簡單2D運用。有空再寫了，先預告了吧。

發表于 2009-06-07 15:43 CK 閱讀(2793) 評論(1) 編輯收藏引用

DXUT工作模式的簡單解析-底層框架

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