锘??xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?> [杞嚜TopLanguages閲岀殑 涓綃囧笘瀛?/a>錛屽茍闈炲師璇戞枃錛屻婂父瑙侀昏緫璋銆嬭瘧鏂囧湴鍧錛?a >http://www.yeeyan.com/articles/view/65452/28581] 褰撲綘涓庡埆浜鴻璁猴紝灝濊瘯鑾峰緱絳旀鎴栬В閲婃椂錛屼綘鍙兘浼氶亣鍒頒竴浜涗漢鐘笂閫昏緫璋銆傝繖鏍風殑璁ㄨ鏄棤鎰忎箟鐨勩備綘鍙兘灝濊瘯鍚戝鎵嬭姹傝瘉鎹垨鎻愪緵鍏朵粬鍋囪錛屼護浣犺幏寰楁洿濂芥垨鏇寸畝 鍗曠殑瑙i噴銆傚鏋滈兘澶辮觸錛屽彲浠ュ皾璇曟寚鍑轟綘璁ㄨ瀵規墜鐨勯棶棰樸備綘鍙鯨璁や粬鐨勯昏緫闂浠ュ厤娣辯┒錛屼互鍙婂彲鍛婄煡璁ㄨ瀵規墜鍏蟲柤浠栫殑璋銆備互涓嬫槸綆鍗曚粙緇嶅叾涓渶甯歌鐨勮艾璇細 浜鴻韓鏀誨嚮錛坅d hominem錛夛細 璇夎鏃犵煡錛坅ppeal to ignorance / argumentum ex silentio錛夛細 鍏ㄧ煡璁烘嵁錛坅rgument from omniscience錛夛細 璇夎淇″績錛坅ppeal to faith錛夛細 璇夎浼犵粺錛坅ppeal to tradition錛夛細 璇夎鏉冨▉錛坅rgument from authority / argumentum ad verecundiam錛夛細 涓嶈壇寰屾灉璁烘嵁錛坅rgument from adverse consequences錛夛細 鎭愬悡璁烘嵁錛坅rgumentum ad baculum錛夛細 鏃犵煡璁烘嵁錛坅rgumentum ad ignorantiam錛夛細 緹や紬璁烘嵁錛坅rgumentum ad populum錛夛細 涓繪祦鎬濇兂璋錛坆andwagon fallacy錛夛細 紿冨彇璁虹偣錛坆egging the question錛夛細 寰幆璁鴻瘉錛坈ircular reasoning錛夛細 鏋勬垚璋錛坈omposition fallacy錛夛細 紜鎬у亸瑙侊紙confirmation bias錛夛細 娣鋒穯鐩稿叧鍙婅搗鍥狅紙confusion of correlation and causation錛夛細 閿欒浜屽垎娉曪紡鎺掍腑錛坋xcluded middle / false dichotomy錛夛細 闅愯棌璇佹嵁錛坔alf truths / suppressed evidence錛夛細 鏆楃ず錛忚瀵兼ч棶棰橈紙loaded questions錛夛細 鏃犳剰涔夌殑闂錛坢eaningless question錛夛細 緇熻鎬ц川鐨勮瑙o紙misunderstanding the nature of statistics錛夛細 涓嶅綋緇撹錛坣on sequitur錛夛細 鐩戣涓嬬殑閫夋嫨錛坥bservational selection錛夛細 閿欒鍥犳灉錛坧ost hoc, ergo propter hoc錛夛細 璇佹槑涓嶅瓨鍦紙proving non-existence錛夛細 鎵紑璇濋錛坮ed herring錛夛細 瀹炰綋鍖栬艾璇紙reification fallacy錛夛細 婊戝潯璋錛坰lippery slope錛夛細 鐗囬潰杈╂姢錛坰pecial pleading錛夛細 灝忎紬緇熻錛坰tatistics of small numbers錛夛細 紼昏崏浜鴻艾璇紙straw man錛夛細 浣犳垜鐨嗛敊錛坱wo wrongs make a right錛夛細 鍒嗘暎娉ㄦ剰鍔涚殑璋錛團allacies of Distraction錛?#160; * 涓ら毦鎺ㄧ悊錛團alse Dilemma錛?#160; * 璇夎鏃犵煡錛團rom Ignorance錛?閿欒艾錛氬洜涓轟笉鑳藉惁瀹氾紝鎵浠ュ繀鐒惰偗瀹氾紝鍙嶄箣浜︾劧銆?#160; * 婊戝潯璋錛圫lippery Slope錛?閿欒艾錛氫笉鍚堢悊浣跨敤榪炰覆鍥犳灉鍏崇郴銆?#160; * 澶嶅悎闂錛圕omplex Question錛?閿欒艾錛氫竴鏉¢棶棰樺唴鍖呭惈涓や釜鏃犲叧鐨勯噸鐐廣?#160; 璇夎鍏朵粬鏀寔錛圓ppeals to Motives in Place of Support錛?#160; * 璇夎鍔垮姏錛圓ppeal to Force錛?閿欒艾錛氫互鍔垮姏鏈嶄漢銆?#160; * 璇夎鎬滄偗錛圓ppeal to Pity錛?閿欒艾錛氫互鍒漢鐨勫悓鎯呭績鏈嶄漢銆?#160; * 璇夎緇撴灉錛圕onsequences錛?閿欒艾錛氫互璁ㄥソ鎴栦笉璁ㄥソ鐨勭粨鏋滄湇浜恒?#160; * 璇夎涓嶄腑鑲瓧璇嶏紙Prejudicial Language錛?閿欒艾錛氫互涓嶄腑鑲殑瀛楄瘝淇グ璁虹偣銆?#160; * 璇夎澶т紬錛圥opularity錛?閿欒艾錛氫互琚箍娉涙帴綰充負鐞嗙敱鏈嶄漢銆?#160; * 涓鍘㈡儏鎰匡紙Wishful Thinking錛?閿欒艾錛氫互鑷繁鍗曟柟闈㈡兂娉曚綔涓鴻璇佹牴鎹?#160; 鏀瑰彉璇濋錛圕hanging the Subject錛?#160; * 浜鴻韓鏀誨嚮錛圓ttacking the Person錛?閿欒艾銆斾竴銆曪細浠ユ敾鍑誨彂璦浜轟唬鏇挎敾鍑誨叾璁虹偣錛堝洜浜哄簾璦錛夈?#160; * 璇夎鏉冨▉錛圓ppeal to Authority錛?閿欒艾銆斾竴銆曪細璇夎璁ㄨ鐨勮寖鐣翠互澶栫殑鏉冨▉浜哄+銆?#160; * 鍖垮悕鏉冨▉錛圓nonymous Authority錛?閿欒艾錛氬尶鍚嶇殑鏉冨▉浜哄+浣夸漢涓嶈兘紜畾鍏舵潈濞佹с?#160; * 浣滈鐩栬繃鏈綋錛圫tyle Over Substance錛?閿欒艾錛氳璁鴻呬互浣滈鐩栬繃浜嬩歡鏈韓浣夸漢璁や負鍏惰鐐規紜?#160; 褰掔撼鐨勮艾璇紙Inductive Fallacies錛?#160; * 杞葷巼鐨勫綊綰籌紙Hasty Generalization錛?閿欒艾錛氱敤浣滃綊綰蟲諱綋鐨勬牱鏈お灝戙?#160; * 涓嶅叿浠h〃鎬х殑渚嬪瓙錛圲nrepresentative Sample錛?閿欒艾錛氱敤浣滃綊綰崇殑渚嬪瓙涓嶈兘浠h〃鍏舵諱綋銆?#160; * 涓嶅綋綾繪瘮錛圵eak Analogy錛?閿欒艾錛氫互涓や歡涓嶇浉浼肩殑浜嬩歡錛忎簨鐗╀綔綾繪瘮銆?#160; * 鎳掓暎鐨勫綊綰籌紙Slothful Induction錛?閿欒艾錛氬惁瀹氬綊綰沖緱鍑烘潵鐨勬伆褰撶粨璁恒?#160; * 鎺掗櫎璇佹嵁璋錛團allacy of Exclusion錛?閿欒艾錛氭晠鎰忔妸閲嶈鐨勮瘉鎹殣钘忥紝浠ュ緱鍑轟笉鍚岀殑緇撹銆?#160; 緇熻涓夋璁虹殑璋錛團allacies Involving Statistical Syllogisms錛?#160; * 渚嬪錛圓ccident錛?閿欒艾錛氫互姒傛嫭鎯呭喌鍔犺搴旀湁鐨勪緥澶栨儏鍐點?#160; * 鐩稿弽鐨勪緥澶栵紙Converse Accident錛?閿欒艾錛氫互渚嬪鎯呭喌鍔犺搴旀湁鐨勬鎷儏鍐點?#160; 鍥犳灉鐨勮艾璇紙Causal Fallacies錛?#160; * 宸у悎璋錛圕oincidental Correlation錛?閿欒艾錛氫互涓埆鎯呭喌鑲畾鏌愮鍥犳灉鍏崇郴銆?#160; * 澶嶅悎緇撴灉錛圝oint Effect錛?閿欒艾錛氬綋涓や歡浜嬮兘涓烘煇鍘熷洜鐨勭粨鏋滄椂錛屼互涓浜嬩負鍙︿竴浜嬬殑鍘熷洜銆?#160; * 鏃犺凍杞婚噸錛圙enuine but Insignificant Cause錛?閿欒艾錛氫婦鍑烘棤瓚寵交閲嶇殑嬈¤鍘熷洜璁鴻瘉錛岄仐婕忕湡姝g殑涓誨洜銆?#160; * 鍊掓灉涓哄洜錛圵rong Direction錛?閿欒艾錛氶鍊掍簨浠剁殑鍥犳灉鍏崇郴銆?#160; * 澶嶅悎鍘熷洜錛圕omplex Cause錛?閿欒艾錛氬彧鎸囧嚭澶氫釜鍘熷洜涓殑鍏朵腑涓涓負浜嬩歡涓誨洜銆?#160; 璁虹偣緙哄け璋錛圡issing the Point錛?#160; * 涔炴眰錛忕獌鍙栬鐐癸紙Begging the Question錛?閿欒艾錛氫互鍋囧畾姝g‘鐨勮鐐瑰緱鍑虹粨璁恒?#160; * 涓嶆伆褰撶粨璁猴紙Irrelevant Conclusion錛?閿欒艾錛氭彁鍑轟綔鏀寔鐨勮鎹富瑕佹敮鎸佸叾浠栫粨璁恒?#160; * 紼昏崏浜鴻艾璇紙Straw Man錛?閿欒艾錛氭壄鏇插鏂硅鎹互鏀誨嚮涔嬨?#160; 鍚硦涓嶆竻璋錛團allacies of Ambiguity錛?#160; * 鍚硦鍏惰緸錛圗quivocation錛?閿欒艾錛氫嬌鐢ㄦ湁澶氭柤涓涓惈涔夌殑瀛楃溂銆?#160; * 妯℃1涓ゅ彲錛圓mphiboly錛?閿欒艾錛氬彞瀛愮粨鏋勫惈澶氱瑙i噴鏂規硶銆?#160; * 閲嶉煶璋錛圓ccent錛?閿欒艾錛氫互閲嶉煶寮鴻皟鏌愬瓧鐪兼垨瀛楀彞錛岃揪鑷村叾浠栨剰鎬濄?#160; 綾葷洰閿欒錛圕ategory Errors錛?#160; * 鏋勬垚璋錛圕omposition錛?閿欒艾錛氫互鎬諱綋鐨勬煇閮ㄤ喚絎﹀悎鏌愭潯浠舵帹鏂諱綋鍧囩鍚堟煇鏉′歡銆?#160; * 鍒嗗壊璋錛圖ivision錛?閿欒艾錛氫互鎬諱綋絎﹀悎鏌愭潯浠舵帹鏂諱綋鐨勬墍鏈夐儴浠藉潎絎﹀悎鏌愭潯浠躲?#160; 涓嶆牴鎹墠棰樼殑鎺ㄧ悊錛圢on Sequitur錛?#160; * 鑲畾寰屼歡錛圓ffirming the Consequent錛?閿欒艾錛氭墍鏈変緷姝ょ粨鏋勭殑鎺ㄨ錛氳嫢A鍒欏繀瀹欱錛汢錛屾墍浠ヤ究A銆?#160; * 鍚﹀畾鍓嶄歡錛圖enying the Antecedent錛?閿欒艾錛氭墍鏈変緷姝ょ粨鏋勭殑鎺ㄨ錛氳嫢A鍒欏繀瀹欱錛?闈濧錛屾墍浠ラ潪B銆?#160; * 鍓嶅緦鐭涚浘錛圛nconsistency錛?閿欒艾錛氭柇璦涓や歡鐭涚浘鐨勪簨浠墮兘姝g‘ (娉細涓漢瑙夊緱榪欑瘒鏂囩珷涓嶉敊鏁呰漿杞戒簡) C++涓殑铏氬嚱鏁扮殑浣滅敤涓昏鏄疄鐜頒簡澶氭佺殑鏈哄埗銆傚叧浜庡鎬侊紝綆鑰岃█涔嬪氨鏄敤鐖剁被鍨嬪埆鐨勬寚閽堟寚鍚戝叾瀛愮被鐨勫疄渚嬶紝鐒跺悗閫氳繃鐖剁被鐨勬寚閽堣皟鐢ㄥ疄闄呭瓙綾葷殑鎴愬憳鍑芥暟銆傝繖縐嶆妧鏈彲浠ヨ鐖剁被鐨勬寚閽堟湁“澶氱褰㈡?#8221;錛岃繖鏄竴縐嶆硾鍨嬫妧鏈傛墍璋撴硾鍨嬫妧鏈紝璇寸櫧浜嗗氨鏄瘯鍥句嬌鐢ㄤ笉鍙樼殑浠g爜鏉ュ疄鐜板彲鍙樼殑綆楁硶銆傛瘮濡傦細妯℃澘鎶鏈紝RTTI鎶鏈紝铏氬嚱鏁版妧鏈紝瑕佷箞鏄瘯鍥懼仛鍒板湪緙栬瘧鏃跺喅璁紝瑕佷箞璇曞浘鍋氬埌榪愯鏃跺喅璁?/p> 鍏充簬铏氬嚱鏁扮殑浣跨敤鏂規硶錛屾垜鍦ㄨ繖閲屼笉鍋氳繃澶氱殑闃愯堪銆傚ぇ瀹跺彲浠ョ湅鐪嬬浉鍏崇殑C++鐨勪功綾嶃傚湪榪欑瘒鏂囩珷涓紝鎴戝彧鎯充粠铏氬嚱鏁扮殑瀹炵幇鏈哄埗涓婇潰涓哄ぇ瀹?涓涓竻鏅扮殑鍓栨瀽銆?/p> 褰撶劧錛岀浉鍚岀殑鏂囩珷鍦ㄧ綉涓婁篃鍑虹幇榪囦竴浜涗簡錛屼絾鎴戞繪劅瑙夎繖浜涙枃绔犱笉鏄緢瀹規槗闃呰錛屽ぇ孌靛ぇ孌電殑浠g爜錛屾病鏈夊浘鐗囷紝娌℃湁璇︾粏鐨勮鏄庯紝娌℃湁姣旇緝錛屾病鏈変婦涓鍙嶄笁銆備笉鍒╀簬瀛︿範鍜岄槄璇伙紝鎵浠ヨ繖鏄垜鎯沖啓涓嬭繖綃囨枃绔犵殑鍘熷洜銆備篃甯屾湜澶у澶氱粰鎴戞彁鎰忚銆?/p> 璦褰掓浼狅紝璁╂垜浠竴璧瘋繘鍏ヨ櫄鍑芥暟鐨勪笘鐣屻?/p> 瀵笴++ 浜嗚В鐨勪漢閮藉簲璇ョ煡閬撹櫄鍑芥暟錛圴irtual Function錛夋槸閫氳繃涓寮犺櫄鍑芥暟琛紙Virtual Table錛夋潵瀹炵幇鐨勩傜畝縐頒負V-Table銆?鍦ㄨ繖涓〃涓紝涓繪槸瑕佷竴涓被鐨勮櫄鍑芥暟鐨勫湴鍧琛紝榪欏紶琛ㄨВ鍐充簡緇ф壙銆佽鐩栫殑闂錛屼繚璇佸叾瀹圭湡瀹炲弽搴斿疄闄呯殑鍑芥暟銆傝繖鏍鳳紝鍦ㄦ湁铏氬嚱鏁扮殑綾葷殑瀹炰緥涓繖涓〃琚垎閰嶅湪浜?榪欎釜瀹炰緥鐨勫唴瀛樹腑錛屾墍浠ワ紝褰撴垜浠敤鐖剁被鐨勬寚閽堟潵鎿嶄綔涓涓瓙綾葷殑鏃跺欙紝榪欏紶铏氬嚱鏁拌〃灝辨樉寰楃敱涓洪噸瑕佷簡錛屽畠灝卞儚涓涓湴鍥句竴鏍鳳紝鎸囨槑浜嗗疄闄呮墍搴旇璋冪敤鐨勫嚱鏁般?/p> 榪欓噷鎴戜滑鐫閲嶇湅涓涓嬭繖寮犺櫄鍑芥暟琛ㄣ傚湪C++鐨勬爣鍑嗚鏍艱鏄庝功涓鍒幫紝緙栬瘧鍣ㄥ繀闇瑕佷繚璇佽櫄鍑芥暟琛ㄧ殑鎸囬拡瀛樺湪浜庡璞″疄渚嬩腑鏈鍓嶉潰鐨勪綅緗紙榪欐槸涓轟簡淇濊瘉姝g‘鍙栧埌铏氬嚱鏁扮殑鍋忕Щ閲忥級銆?榪欐剰鍛崇潃鎴戜滑閫氳繃瀵硅薄瀹炰緥鐨勫湴鍧寰楀埌榪欏紶铏氬嚱鏁拌〃錛岀劧鍚庡氨鍙互閬嶅巻鍏朵腑鍑芥暟鎸囬拡錛屽茍璋冪敤鐩稿簲鐨勫嚱鏁般?/p> 鍚垜鎵簡閭d箞澶氾紝鎴戝彲浠ユ劅瑙夊嚭鏉ヤ綘鐜板湪鍙兘姣斾互鍓嶆洿鍔犳檿澶磋漿鍚戜簡銆?娌″叧緋伙紝涓嬮潰灝辨槸瀹為檯鐨勪緥瀛愶紝鐩鎬俊鑱槑鐨勪綘涓鐪嬪氨鏄庣櫧浜嗐?/p> 鍋囪鎴戜滑鏈夎繖鏍風殑涓涓被錛?/p> class Base { public: virtual void f() { cout << "Base::f" << endl; } virtual void g() { cout << "Base::g" << endl; } virtual void h() { cout << "Base::h" << endl; } }; 鎸夌収涓婇潰鐨勮娉曪紝鎴戜滑鍙互閫氳繃Base鐨勫疄渚嬫潵寰楀埌铏氬嚱鏁拌〃銆?涓嬮潰鏄疄闄呬緥紼嬶細 typedef void(*Fun)(void); Base b; Fun pFun = NULL; cout << "铏氬嚱鏁拌〃鍦板潃錛? << (int*)(&b) << endl; cout << "铏氬嚱鏁拌〃 鈥?絎竴涓嚱鏁板湴鍧錛? << (int*)*(int*)(&b) << endl; // Invoke the first virtual function pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*(int*)(&b)); pFun(); 瀹為檯榪愯緇忔灉濡備笅錛?Windows XP+VS2003, Linux 2.6.22 + GCC 4.1.3) 铏氬嚱鏁拌〃鍦板潃錛?012FED4 铏氬嚱鏁拌〃 鈥?絎竴涓嚱鏁板湴鍧錛?044F148 Base::f 閫氳繃榪欎釜紺轟緥錛屾垜浠彲浠ョ湅鍒幫紝鎴戜滑鍙互閫氳繃寮鴻鎶?amp;b杞垚int *錛屽彇寰楄櫄鍑芥暟琛ㄧ殑鍦板潃錛岀劧鍚庯紝鍐嶆鍙栧潃灝卞彲浠ュ緱鍒扮涓涓櫄鍑芥暟鐨勫湴鍧浜嗭紝涔熷氨鏄疊ase::f()錛岃繖鍦ㄤ笂闈㈢殑紼嬪簭涓緱鍒頒簡楠岃瘉錛堟妸int* 寮哄埗杞垚浜嗗嚱鏁版寚閽堬級銆傞氳繃榪欎釜紺轟緥錛屾垜浠氨鍙互鐭ラ亾濡傛灉瑕佽皟鐢˙ase::g()鍜孊ase::h()錛屽叾浠g爜濡備笅錛?/p> (Fun)*((int*)*(int*)(&b)+0); // Base::f() (Fun)*((int*)*(int*)(&b)+1); // Base::g() (Fun)*((int*)*(int*)(&b)+2); // Base::h() 榪欎釜鏃跺欎綘搴旇鎳備簡鍚с備粈涔堬紵榪樻槸鏈夌偣鏅曘備篃鏄紝榪欐牱鐨勪唬鐮佺湅鐫澶貢浜嗐傛病闂錛岃鎴戠敾涓浘瑙i噴涓涓嬨傚涓嬫墍紺猴細 娉ㄦ剰錛氬湪涓婇潰榪欎釜鍥句腑錛屾垜鍦ㄨ櫄鍑芥暟琛ㄧ殑鏈鍚庡鍔犱簡涓涓粨鐐癸紝榪欐槸铏氬嚱鏁拌〃鐨勭粨鏉熺粨鐐癸紝灝卞儚瀛楃涓茬殑緇撴潫絎?#8220;\0”涓鏍鳳紝鍏舵爣蹇椾簡铏氬嚱鏁拌〃鐨勭粨鏉熴傝繖涓粨鏉熸爣蹇楃殑鍊煎湪涓嶅悓鐨勭紪璇戝櫒涓嬫槸涓嶅悓鐨勩傚湪WinXP+VS2003涓嬶紝榪欎釜鍊兼槸NULL銆傝屽湪Ubuntu 7.10 + Linux 2.6.22 + GCC 4.1.3涓嬶紝榪欎釜鍊兼槸濡傛灉1錛岃〃紺鴻繕鏈変笅涓涓櫄鍑芥暟琛紝濡傛灉鍊兼槸0錛岃〃紺烘槸鏈鍚庝竴涓櫄鍑芥暟琛ㄣ?/p> 涓嬮潰錛屾垜灝嗗垎鍒鏄?#8220;鏃犺鐩?#8221;鍜?#8220;鏈夎鐩?#8221;鏃剁殑铏氬嚱鏁拌〃鐨勬牱瀛愩傛病鏈夎鐩栫埗綾葷殑铏氬嚱鏁版槸姣棤鎰忎箟鐨勩傛垜涔嬫墍浠ヨ璁茶堪娌℃湁瑕嗙洊鐨勬儏鍐碉紝涓昏鐩殑鏄負浜嗙粰涓涓姣斻傚湪姣旇緝涔嬩笅錛屾垜浠彲浠ユ洿鍔犳竻妤氬湴鐭ラ亾鍏跺唴閮ㄧ殑鍏蜂綋瀹炵幇銆?/p> 涓嬮潰錛屽啀璁╂垜浠潵鐪嬬湅緇ф壙鏃剁殑铏氬嚱鏁拌〃鏄粈涔堟牱鐨勩傚亣璁炬湁濡備笅鎵紺虹殑涓涓戶鎵垮叧緋伙細 璇鋒敞鎰忥紝鍦ㄨ繖涓戶鎵垮叧緋諱腑錛屽瓙綾繪病鏈夐噸杞戒換浣曠埗綾葷殑鍑芥暟銆傞偅涔堬紝鍦ㄦ淳鐢熺被鐨勫疄渚嬩腑錛屽叾铏氬嚱鏁拌〃濡備笅鎵紺猴細 瀵逛簬瀹炰緥錛欴erive d; 鐨勮櫄鍑芥暟琛ㄥ涓嬶細 鎴戜滑鍙互鐪嬪埌涓嬮潰鍑犵偣錛?/p> 1錛夎櫄鍑芥暟鎸夌収鍏跺0鏄庨『搴忔斁浜庤〃涓?/p> 2錛夌埗綾葷殑铏氬嚱鏁板湪瀛愮被鐨勮櫄鍑芥暟鍓嶉潰銆?/p> 鎴戠浉淇¤仾鏄庣殑浣犱竴瀹氬彲浠ュ弬鑰冨墠闈㈢殑閭d釜紼嬪簭錛屾潵緙栧啓涓孌電▼搴忔潵楠岃瘉銆?/p> 瑕嗙洊鐖剁被鐨勮櫄鍑芥暟鏄緢鏄劇劧鐨勪簨鎯咃紝涓嶇劧錛岃櫄鍑芥暟灝卞彉寰楁鏃犳剰涔夈備笅闈紝鎴戜滑鏉ョ湅涓涓嬶紝濡傛灉瀛愮被涓湁铏氬嚱鏁伴噸杞戒簡鐖剁被鐨勮櫄鍑芥暟錛屼細鏄竴涓粈涔堟牱瀛愶紵鍋囪錛屾垜浠湁涓嬮潰榪欐牱鐨勪竴涓戶鎵垮叧緋匯?/p> 涓轟簡璁╁ぇ瀹剁湅鍒拌緇ф壙榪囧悗鐨勬晥鏋滐紝鍦ㄨ繖涓被鐨勮璁′腑錛屾垜鍙鐩栦簡鐖剁被鐨勪竴涓嚱鏁幫細f()銆傞偅涔堬紝瀵逛簬媧劇敓綾葷殑瀹炰緥錛屽叾铏氬嚱鏁拌〃浼氭槸涓嬮潰鐨勪竴涓牱瀛愶細 鎴戜滑浠庤〃涓彲浠ョ湅鍒頒笅闈㈠嚑鐐癸紝 1錛夎鐩栫殑f()鍑芥暟琚斁鍒頒簡铏氳〃涓師鏉ョ埗綾昏櫄鍑芥暟鐨勪綅緗?/p> 2錛夋病鏈夎瑕嗙洊鐨勫嚱鏁頒緷鏃с?/p> 榪欐牱錛屾垜浠氨鍙互鐪嬪埌瀵逛簬涓嬮潰榪欐牱鐨勭▼搴忥紝 Base *b = new Derive(); b->f(); 鐢眀鎵鎸囩殑鍐呭瓨涓殑铏氬嚱鏁拌〃鐨刦()鐨勪綅緗凡緇忚Derive::f()鍑芥暟鍦板潃鎵鍙栦唬錛屼簬鏄湪瀹為檯璋冪敤鍙戠敓鏃訛紝鏄疍erive::f()琚皟鐢ㄤ簡銆傝繖灝卞疄鐜頒簡澶氭併?/p> 涓嬮潰錛屽啀璁╂垜浠潵鐪嬬湅澶氶噸緇ф壙涓殑鎯呭喌錛屽亣璁炬湁涓嬮潰榪欐牱涓涓被鐨勭戶鎵垮叧緋匯傛敞鎰忥細瀛愮被騫舵病鏈夎鐩栫埗綾葷殑鍑芥暟銆?/p> 瀵逛簬瀛愮被瀹炰緥涓殑铏氬嚱鏁拌〃錛屾槸涓嬮潰榪欎釜鏍峰瓙錛?/p> 鎴戜滑鍙互鐪嬪埌錛?/p> 1錛?姣忎釜鐖剁被閮芥湁鑷繁鐨勮櫄琛ㄣ?/p> 2錛?瀛愮被鐨勬垚鍛樺嚱鏁拌鏀懼埌浜嗙涓涓埗綾葷殑琛ㄤ腑銆傦紙鎵璋撶殑絎竴涓埗綾繪槸鎸夌収澹版槑欏哄簭鏉ュ垽鏂殑錛?/p> 榪欐牱鍋氬氨鏄負浜嗚В鍐充笉鍚岀殑鐖剁被綾誨瀷鐨勬寚閽堟寚鍚戝悓涓涓瓙綾誨疄渚嬶紝鑰岃兘澶熻皟鐢ㄥ埌瀹為檯鐨勫嚱鏁般?/p> 涓嬮潰鎴戜滑鍐嶆潵鐪嬬湅錛屽鏋滃彂鐢熻櫄鍑芥暟瑕嗙洊鐨勬儏鍐點?/p> 涓嬪浘涓紝鎴戜滑鍦ㄥ瓙綾諱腑瑕嗙洊浜嗙埗綾葷殑f()鍑芥暟銆?/p> 涓嬮潰鏄浜庡瓙綾誨疄渚嬩腑鐨勮櫄鍑芥暟琛ㄧ殑鍥撅細 鎴戜滑鍙互鐪嬭錛屼笁涓埗綾昏櫄鍑芥暟琛ㄤ腑鐨刦()鐨勪綅緗鏇挎崲鎴愪簡瀛愮被鐨勫嚱鏁版寚閽堛傝繖鏍鳳紝鎴戜滑灝卞彲浠ヤ換涓闈欐佺被鍨嬬殑鐖剁被鏉ユ寚鍚戝瓙綾伙紝騫惰皟鐢ㄥ瓙綾葷殑f()浜嗐傚錛?/p> Derive d; Base1 *b1 = &d; Base2 *b2 = &d; Base3 *b3 = &d; b1->f(); //Derive::f() b2->f(); //Derive::f() b3->f(); //Derive::f() b1->g(); //Base1::g() b2->g(); //Base2::g() b3->g(); //Base3::g() 姣忔鍐機++鐨勬枃绔狅紝鎬誨厤涓嶄簡瑕佹壒鍒や竴涓婥++銆傝繖綃囨枃绔犱篃涓嶄緥澶栥傞氳繃涓婇潰鐨勮榪幫紝鐩鎬俊鎴戜滑瀵硅櫄鍑芥暟琛ㄦ湁涓涓瘮杈冪粏鑷寸殑浜嗚В浜嗐傛按鍙澆鑸燂紝浜﹀彲瑕嗚垷銆備笅闈紝璁╂垜浠潵鐪嬬湅鎴戜滑鍙互鐢ㄨ櫄鍑芥暟琛ㄦ潵騫茬偣浠涔堝潖浜嬪惂銆?/p> 涓銆侀氳繃鐖剁被鍨嬬殑鎸囬拡璁塊棶瀛愮被鑷繁鐨勮櫄鍑芥暟 鎴戜滑鐭ラ亾錛屽瓙綾繪病鏈夐噸杞界埗綾葷殑铏氬嚱鏁版槸涓浠舵鏃犳剰涔夌殑浜嬫儏銆傚洜涓哄鎬佷篃鏄鍩轟簬鍑芥暟閲嶈澆鐨勩傝櫧鐒跺湪涓婇潰鐨勫浘涓垜浠彲浠ョ湅鍒癇ase1鐨勮櫄琛ㄤ腑鏈塂erive鐨勮櫄鍑芥暟錛屼絾鎴戜滑鏍規湰涓嶅彲鑳戒嬌鐢ㄤ笅闈㈢殑璇彞鏉ヨ皟鐢ㄥ瓙綾葷殑鑷湁铏氬嚱鏁幫細 Base1 *b1 = new Derive(); b1->f1(); //緙栬瘧鍑洪敊 浠諱綍濡勫浘浣跨敤鐖剁被鎸囬拡鎯寵皟鐢ㄥ瓙綾諱腑鐨?strong>鏈鐩栫埗綾葷殑鎴愬憳鍑芥暟鐨勮涓洪兘浼氳緙栬瘧鍣ㄨ涓洪潪娉曪紝鎵浠ワ紝榪欐牱鐨勭▼搴忔牴鏈棤娉曠紪璇戦氳繃銆備絾鍦ㄨ繍琛屾椂錛屾垜浠彲浠ラ氳繃鎸囬拡鐨勬柟寮忚闂櫄鍑芥暟琛ㄦ潵杈懼埌榪濆弽C++璇箟鐨勮涓恒傦紙鍏充簬榪欐柟闈㈢殑灝濊瘯錛岄氳繃闃呰鍚庨潰闄勫綍鐨勪唬鐮侊紝鐩鎬俊浣犲彲浠ュ仛鍒拌繖涓鐐癸級 浜屻佽闂畁on-public鐨勮櫄鍑芥暟 鍙﹀錛屽鏋滅埗綾葷殑铏氬嚱鏁版槸private鎴栨槸protected鐨勶紝浣嗚繖浜涢潪public鐨勮櫄鍑芥暟鍚屾牱浼氬瓨鍦ㄤ簬铏氬嚱鏁拌〃涓紝鎵浠ワ紝鎴戜滑鍚屾牱鍙互浣跨敤璁塊棶铏氬嚱鏁拌〃鐨勬柟寮忔潵璁塊棶榪欎簺non-public鐨勮櫄鍑芥暟錛岃繖鏄緢瀹規槗鍋氬埌鐨勩?/p> 濡傦細 class Base { private: virtual void f() { cout << "Base::f" << endl; } }; class Derive : public Base{ }; typedef void(*Fun)(void); void main() { Derive d; Fun pFun = (Fun)*((int*)*(int*)(&d)+0); pFun(); } C++榪欓棬璇█鏄竴闂∕agic鐨勮璦錛屽浜庣▼搴忓憳鏉ヨ錛屾垜浠技涔庢案榪滄懜涓嶆竻妤氳繖闂ㄨ璦鑳岀潃鎴戜滑鍦ㄥ共浜嗕粈涔堛傞渶瑕佺啛鎮夎繖闂ㄨ璦錛屾垜浠氨蹇呴渶瑕佷簡瑙++閲岄潰鐨勯偅浜涗笢瑗匡紝闇瑕佸幓浜嗚ВC++涓偅浜涘嵄闄╃殑涓滆タ銆備笉鐒訛紝榪欐槸涓縐嶆惉璧風煶澶寸牳鑷繁鑴氱殑緙栫▼璇█銆?/p>
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錛堜緥濡傦細濡傛灉浣犱笉鐩鎬俊錛屾槸涓嶈兘娓呮鏄庣櫧鐨勩傦級濡傛灉杈╄呭氫粭淇″績浣滀負浠栬鎹殑鏍瑰熀錛岄偅楹戒綘鍦ㄤ互寰岀殑璁ㄨ鎵鑳藉緱鍒扮殑灝嗕笉澶氥傛牴鎹畾涔夛紝銆屼俊蹇冦嶆槸鍊氶潬鐩鎬俊錛屽茍闈為潬閫?杈戞垨璇佹嵁鏀寔銆備俊蹇冨氳禆闈炵悊鎬х殑鎬濇兂錛屽茍浼氫駭鐢熶笉濡ュ崗銆?#160;
錛堢被浼間富嫻佹濇兂璋錛夛紙渚嬪錛氬崰鏄熴佸畻鏁欍佸ゴ闅訛級鍙洜涓轟漢浠互姝や負浼犵粺錛屼笌瀹冩湰韜殑瀛樻椿鑳藉姏鏃犲叧銆?#160;
浠ャ屼笓瀹躲嶆垨鏉冨▉鐨勮璇濅綔璁烘嵁鐨勬牴鍩猴紝鑰屼笉鏄敤閫昏緫鎴栬瘉鎹潵鏀寔璇ヨ鎹傦紙渚嬪錛氭煇鏌愭暀鎺堢浉淇″垱閫犵瀛︺傦級鍙敱鏂兼煇涓潈濞佺殑澹扮О錛屼笉瓚充互浠h〃浠栧凡浠よ繖澹扮О姝g‘銆?鍋囧杈╄呭睍紺烘煇涓撳鐨勮鎹紝閭i航鐪嬬湅瀹冩湁鍚︿即闅忕潃鍘熷洜錛屼互鍙婂畠鑳屽緦璇佹嵁鐨勬潵婧愩?#160;
錛堜緥濡傦細鎴戜滑搴斿垽琚憡鏈夌姜錛屽惁鍒欏叾浠栦漢浼氫豢鏁堣岀姱涓婄被浼肩殑緗銆傦級鍙洜涓鴻鍘岀殑緗鎴栬涓哄嚭鐜幫紝騫朵笉瓚充互浠h〃琚憡鐘簡璇ョ姜錛屾垨浠h〃鎴戜滑搴斿垽浠栨湁緗傦紙鍙堜緥濡傦細鐏?闅劇殑鍑虹幇鏄洜涓虹鎯╃綒涓嶄俊鑰咃紝鎵浠ユ垜浠兘搴旇淇$銆傦級鍙洜鐏懼鎴栨儴鍓у彂鐢燂紝涓庣鏄惁瀛樺湪銆佹垨鎴戜滑璇ヤ俊鐢氶航騫舵棤鍏崇郴銆?#160;
璁烘嵁鏍瑰熀鏂兼亹鎯ф垨濞佽儊銆傦紙渚嬪錛氬鏋滀綘涓嶄俊紲烇紝浣犲皢浼氫笅鍦扮嫳琚伀鐑с傦級
璇鎬х殑璁烘嵁錛屽氫粭鏂間漢浠殑鏃犵煡銆?#160;
璁烘嵁璇夎鎰熸х殑寮辯偣錛岃岄潪浜嬪疄鍜屽師鍥狅紝鏃ㄥ湪鐓藉姩緹や紬鐨勬敮鎸併?#160;
鍙洜涓哄緢澶氫漢鐩鎬俊鎴栧疄璺碉紝渚胯涓轟竴涓濇兂鏈変環鍊箋傦紙渚嬪錛氬ぇ澶氭暟浜虹浉淇$錛屾墍浠ュ畠涓瀹氭槸鐪熺殑銆傦級鍙洜涓哄緢澶氫漢鐩鎬俊鏌愪簺涓滆タ錛屼笌閭f槸浜嬪疄涓庡惁騫舵棤鍏崇郴銆傚寰堝浜哄湪 榛戞鐥呮椂鏈熼兘鐩鎬俊鐤棁鏄敱鏂奸瓟楝煎紩璧鳳紝鏈夊灝戜漢鐩鎬俊璺熺柅鐥囩殑璧峰洜鍏ㄦ棤鍏崇郴銆?#160;
錛堜緥濡傦細鎴戜滑蹇呴』榧撳姳騫撮潚浜哄幓宕囨嫓紲烇紝浠ョ亴杈撻亾寰瘋涓恒傦級鍙槸瀹楁暀涓庡磭鎷滅湡鐨勪駭鐢熼亾寰瘋涓哄悧錛?#160;
闄堣堪鏌愬懡棰橈紝鑰屽叾瀹為偅姝f槸闇瑕佽璇佸疄鐨勩傦紙渚嬪錛氱瀛樺湪鏄洜涓哄湥緇忔湁璁拌澆錛屽湥緇忓瓨鍦ㄦ槸鍥犱負紲炴墍榛樼ず鐨勩傦級
褰撴煇璁烘嵁鐨勭粨璁猴紝鏄氶潬鐢辨煇涓滆タ浠庨儴浠借嚦鏁翠綋銆佹垨浠庢暣浣撹嚦閮ㄤ喚鐨勯敊璇壒鎬с傦紙渚嬪錛氫漢綾繪湁鎰忚瘑錛岃屼漢浣撳拰浜鴻剳閮芥槸鐢卞師瀛愮粍鎴愶紝鎵浠ュ師瀛愰兘鏈夋剰璇嗐傚張渚嬪錛氭枃涔﹀ 鐞嗚蔣浠剁敱浣峰鍘熶綅緇勶紙byte錛夌粍鎴愶紝鎵浠ヤ竴涓師浣嶇粍鏄粍鎴愭枃涔﹀鐞嗚蔣浠剁殑涓閮ㄤ喚銆傦級
錛堢被浼肩洃瑙嗕笅鐨勯夋嫨錛夎繖鏄寚涓縐嶉夋嫨鎬х殑鎬濇兂錛岄泦涓柤鏀寔鐩鎬俊鐨勪漢宸茬浉淇$殑璇佹嵁錛岃屽拷鐣ュ弽椹充粬浠俊蹇電殑璇佹嵁銆傜‘璁ゆу亸瑙佸父瑙佹柤浜轟滑浠ヤ俊蹇冦佷紶緇熷強鎴愯涓烘牴鎹殑淇?蹇點備緥濡傦紝濡傛灉鏈変簺浜虹浉淇$紲風殑鍔涢噺錛岀浉淇$殑浜哄彧浼氭敞鎰忓埌灝戦噺銆屾湁鍥炲簲銆嶇殑紲堢シ錛岃屽拷鐣ュぇ澶氭暟鏃犲洖搴旂殑紲堢シ銆傦紙榪欒〃紺虹紲風殑浠峰兼渶宸彧鏄殢鏈猴紝鏈濂戒篃鍙湁蹇冪悊涓?鐨勫畨鎱頒綔鐢ㄣ傦級
錛堜緥濡傦細鐜╄薄媯嬬殑浜虹敺鎬ф瘮濂蟲у錛屾墍浠ョ敺鎬ф鑹轟篃姣斿コ鎬ч珮銆傚張渚嬪錛氬効绔ヨ鐪嬬數瑙嗙殑鏆村姏鍦洪潰錛屾垚闀垮緦浼氭湁鏆村姏鍊懼悜銆傦級浣嗘槸錛岄偅鏄敱鏂肩數瑙嗚妭鐩紩鑷存毚鍔涳紝榪樻槸鏈夋毚 鍔涘懼悜鐨勫効绔ュ枩嬈㈣鐪嬫毚鍔涜妭鐩紵鐪熸寮曡嚧鏆村姏鐨勫師鍥犲彲鑳芥槸瀹屽叏涓庣數瑙嗘棤鍏熾係tephen
Jay Gould 鎶婄浉鍏沖紩鑷寸殑鏃犳晥鍋囪縐頒負銆屽彲鑳芥槸浜虹被鎺ㄧ悊涓婁袱涓夌鏈涓ラ噸鍜屾渶鏅亶鐨勯敊璇嶃?#160;
鍙冭檻鏋佺銆傚緢澶氫漢鐢ㄤ簹鐞嗗+澶氬痙寮忥紙Aristotelian錛夌殑銆岄潪姝ゅ嵆褰箋嶇殑閫昏緫鍘昏В閲婁笂涓嬨侀粦鐧姐佸閿欍佺埍鎭剁瓑銆傦紙渚嬪錛氫綘鑻ラ潪鍠滄瀹冿紝灝辨槸涓嶅枩嬈㈠畠銆備粬 濡備笉鏄湁緗紝灝辨槸鏃犵姜銆傦級寰堝鏃朵漢浠病鏈夌湅鍒板湪涓や釜鏋佺涔嬮棿鍑虹幇鐨勮繛緇紝榪欎釜瀹囧畽涔熷寘鍚緢澶氥屽彲鑳姐嶇殑銆?#160;
鏁呮剰嬈洪獥鐨勯檲榪幫紝閫氬父闅愯棌涓浜涗簨瀹烇紝鑰岄偅鏄瀯鎴愬噯紜弿榪版墍蹇呴渶鐨勩?#160;
闂鍔犲叆鍋囪錛屼竴鏃﹀洖絳斾究鏄劇ず浜嗕竴涓殫紺烘х殑鍚屾剰銆傦紙渚嬪錛氫綘鍋滄浜嗘墦浣犵殑濡誨瓙鍚楋紵錛?#160;
錛堜緥濡傘屼笂闈㈡湁澶氶珮錛熴嶃屼竴鍒囩殕鍙兘鍚楋紵銆嶏級銆屼笂闈€嶆弿榪版柟鍚戯紝涓嶆槸鍙 閲忕殑鍗曚綅銆傚亣濡備竴鍒囬兘璇佸疄鍙兘錛岄偅楹姐屼笉鍙兘銆嶉兘鍙兘鍑虹幇錛岀煕鐩句究鍑虹幇銆傚敖綆′竴鍒囦笉涓瀹?璇佸疄鍙兘錛屼害鍙互鏈夋棤鏁扮殑鍙兘鍜屾棤鏁扮殑涓嶅彲鑳姐傚緢澶氭棤鎰忔濈殑闂閮藉寘鍚簡絀哄簾鐨勮瘝璇紝濡?#160;
"is," "are," "were," "was," "am," "be," 鎴?"been."
錛堜緥濡傦細澶у鏁扮編鍥戒漢閮芥鍦ㄥ尰闄㈠唴錛屾墍浠ュ簲灝介噺榪滅鍖婚櫌銆傦級銆岀粺璁℃樉紺猴紝閫氬父鏌撲笂榪涢涔犳儻鐨勪漢錛屽緢灝戣兘鐢熷瓨銆傘?- Wallace Irwin
鎷変竵璇屽畠娌℃湁璺熼殢銆嶇殑鎰忔濄傛帹鏂垨緇撹娌℃湁璺熼殢宸插緩绔嬬殑鍓嶆彁鎴栬瘉鎹傦紙渚嬪錛氬湪鏈堝渾鏃跺嚭鐢熺殑浜鴻緝澶氥傜粨璁猴細鏈堝渾寮曡嚧鍑虹敓鐜囦笂鍗囥傦級鍙槸錛屾槸鏈堝渾寮曡嚧杈冨鍑虹敓錛?榪樻槸鐢辨柤鍏朵粬鍘熷洜錛堝彲鑳芥槸緇熻涓婄殑鏈熸湜宸紓錛夛紵
錛堢被浼肩‘璁ゆу亸瑙侊級鎸囧嚭鏈夊埄鐨勶紝鍗村拷鐣ヤ笉鍒╃殑浜嬪疄銆傝皝鍘昏繃鎷夋柉緇村姞鏂紙Las
Vegas錛夎祵鍦轟細瑙佸埌浜轟滑鍦ㄨ祵妗屼笂鍜岃佽檸鏈轟笂璧㈤挶錛岃祵鍦虹粡鐞嗕細鍝嶉挓鍙婇福絎涗互鍏憡鑳滃埄鑰咃紝鍗存案涓嶄細鎻愬強澶辮觸鑰呫傝繖鍙護浜鴻寰楄儨鍑虹殑鏈轟細鐪嬫潵棰囧ぇ錛屼絾鏄簨瀹炲嵈鍒氬垰 鐩稿弽銆?#160;
鎷変竵璇屽畠鍙戠敓鍦ㄤ箣寰岋紝鎵浠ュ畠鏄粨鏋溿傘嶄笌涓嶅綋緇撹綾諱技錛屼笉榪囦笌鏃墮棿鏈夊叧銆傦紙渚嬪錛氬ス鍘諱簡涓浗涔嬪緦鐥呬簡錛屾墍浠ヤ腑鍥芥湁浜涗笢瑗夸護鍒板ス鐥呫傦級鍙兘濂圭殑鐥呮槸鐢辨柤鍏朵粬鍘熷洜 錛屼笌涓浗瀹屽叏鏃犲叧銆?#160;
褰撹京鑰呮棤娉曚負浠栫殑澹扮О鎻愪緵璇佹嵁錛屼粬鍙兘浼氭寫鎴樹粬鐨勫鎵嬶紝鍙鎵嬭瘉鏄庝粬鐨勫0縐頒笉瀛樺湪銆傦紙渚嬪錛氳瘉鏄庣涓嶅瓨鍦紱璇佹槑涓嶆槑椋炶鐗╀綋鏈浘鍒拌繃鍦扮悆錛涚瓑絳夛級灝界鏈変漢鍙互鍦?鐗瑰畾鐨勯檺鍒朵腑璇佹槑涓嶅瓨鍦紝濡傚湪鐩掍腑娌℃湁鏌愪簺涓滆タ錛屽彲鏄嵈鏃犳硶璇佹槑鏅亶鎬с佺粷瀵規ф垨璁ょ煡鎬х殑涓嶅瓨鍦ㄣ傛棤浜鴻兘璇佹槑涓浜涗笉瀛樺湪鐨勪笢瑗褲傛彁鍑哄0縐扮殑浜哄繀闇鑷繁璇佹槑閭e0縐?鐨勫瓨鍦ㄣ?#160;
杈╄呮敼鍙樿瘽棰橈紝浠ュ垎鏁f敞鎰忓姏銆?#160;
褰撲漢浠妸鎶借薄鐨勪俊蹇墊垨鍋囪鎬х殑鏋勬兂錛屽綋浣滄槸瀹炲湪鐨勪簨鐗┿傚浠ワ緝錛遍浣滀負鐪熷疄琛¢噺鏅烘収鐨勬柟娉曪紱鐢辨娊璞$殑紺句細鏋勬兂鑰屾潵鐨勭鏃忔蹇碉紙灝界鍩哄洜灞炴х殑瀛樺湪錛夛紝婧愯嚜緇忔嫞閫?鐨勫睘鎬х粍鍚堬紝鎴栬呮爣絳炬煇涓緇勪漢錛涘崰鏄燂紱鑰剁ǎ錛涘湥璇炶佷漢錛涚瓑絳夈?#160;
涓涓楠ゃ佹硶寰嬨佹垨琛屽姩鐨勬敼鍙橈紝鍙紩鑷翠笉鑹殑寰屾灉銆傦紙渚嬪錛氬鏋滄垜浠璁稿尰鐢熷府鍔╁畨涔愭錛岄偅楹藉幓鍒版渶寰岋紝鏀垮簻浼氭帶鍒舵垜浠浣曟銆傦級涓嶄竴瀹氬彧鍥犱負鎴戜滑鐨勬敼鍙橈紝鍑虹幇 浜嗘粦鍧★紝渚夸細浣塊璁$殑寰屾灉瀹炵幇銆?#160;
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綾諱技鐩戣涓嬬殑閫夋嫨銆傦紙渚嬪錛氭垜鐨勭埗姣嶅惛浜嗕竴涓栫儫錛屼絾浠栦滑浠庢湭鎮h繃鐧岀棁銆傚張渚嬪錛氭垜涓嶇鍏朵粬浜哄浣曡 Toyota錛屾垜鐨?Toyota
鍗翠粠鏈彂鐢熻繃闂銆傦級鍙寚鍑哄皯閲忔湁鍒╂暟鎹紝涓庢暣浣撴満浼氬茍鏃犲叧緋匯傘旇瘧娉細鎶?Yugo 鏀規垚 Toyota 浣挎洿鏄撴槑鐧姐?#160;
鍒涢犱竴涓櫄鍋囩殑鎯呭喌錛岀劧寰屽幓鏀誨嚮瀹冦傦紙渚嬪錛氳繘鍖栬鑰呰涓烘墍鏈変簨鐗╅兘鏄殢鏈虹殑銆傦級澶ч儴浠借繘鍖栬鑰呰涓猴紝鍦ㄨ嚜鐒墮夋嫨鐨勮В閲婁笅錛屽彲鑳藉寘鎷伓鍙戠殑鎴愪喚錛屼絾騫墮潪鍏ㄧ劧渚濋潬 闅忔満銆傛姽榛戜綘鐨勫鎵嬪彧浼氫護璁ㄨ鐨勫姛鑳藉亸紱匯?#160;
鎸囨帶鍏朵粬浜鴻窡鎴戜滑鎵鍋氱殑鍚屾牱浜嬫儏錛屼負鎴戜滑鎵浣滄墍涓鴻京鎶ゃ傦紙渚嬪錛氫綘鏈夌敋楹借祫鏍兼壒璇勬垜錛熶綘涔熻窡鎴戝仛鐫涓妯′竴鏍風殑浜嬫儏錛侊級鎺ф柟鐨勬墍鐘殑緗笌璁ㄨ鏈韓騫舵棤鍏寵繛銆?#160;
閿欒艾錛氫負澶氭柤涓涓瓟妗堢殑闂鎻愪緵涓嶈凍錛堥氬父涓や釜錛夌殑閫夋嫨錛屽嵆鏄殣钘忎簡涓浜涢夋嫨錛屾渶鍏稿瀷鐨勮〃鐜版槸闈為粦鍗崇櫧瑙傜偣銆?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙錛氳惃杈懼鏄偑鎭剁殑錛屾墍浠ョ編鍐涙槸姝d箟涔嬪笀銆?#160;
* 瑙i噴錛氶櫎姝i偑涔嬩簤澶栵紝榪樻湁閭偑涔嬩簤鍙婅澶氶毦鍒嗘閭殑綰蜂簤錛屾墍浠ヤ笉鑳藉崟浠ヨ惃杈懼閭伓渚胯瀹氱編鍐涙涔夈?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙錛氭病鏈変漢鑳借瘉鏄庨涓嶅瓨鍦紝閭i航楝艱偗瀹氬瓨鍦ㄣ?#160;
* 瑙i噴錛氭繪湁浜涗簨鏄棦涓嶈兘鍚﹀畾錛屼害涓嶈兘鑲畾鐨勩傞櫎浜嗚偗瀹氬拰鍚﹀畾錛屾垜浠繕鍙互瀛樼枒鍚э紒
*
渚嬪瓙錛氳繜鍒扮殑瀛︾敓瑕佸垽姝誨垜銆傚洜涓鴻繜鍒版槸涓嶇敤鍔熺殑琛ㄧ幇錛涘皢鏉ュ伐浣滀篃涓嶅嫟鍔涳紱涓嶅嫟鍔涘鑷村叕鍙告崯澶憋紱鍏徃鎹熷け灝變細鍊掗棴錛涘叕鍙稿掗棴浼氫嬌浜哄け涓氾紱澶變笟閫犳垚瀹跺涵闂錛涘搴棶 棰樺鑷磋嚜鏉鐜囦笂鍗囷紝涓轟簡闃叉鑷潃鐜囦笂鍗囷紝鎴戜滑搴斿垽榪熷埌鐨勫鐢熸鍒戙?#160;
*
瑙i噴錛氭粦鍧¤艾璇腑鍋囧畾浜嗚繛涓層屽彲鑳芥с嶄負銆屽繀鐒舵с嶃傛瘮鏂硅錛岃繜鍒版槸鍚︺屽繀鐒躲嶆槸涓嶇敤鍔熺殑琛ㄧ幇錛熷皢鏉ュ伐浣滃張鏄惁銆屽繀鐒躲嶄笉鍕ゅ姏錛熺瓟妗堝彲鎯寵岀煡銆備緥瀛愯櫧鐒跺じ寮狅紝浣?鍏跺疄璁稿鏃跺欏ぇ瀹朵害浼氱姱鐩稿悓閿欒鑰屼笉鑷煡銆?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙錛氫綘榪樻湁娌℃湁騫查偅闈炴硶鍕懼綋錛燂紙浣犳湁騫查潪娉曞嬀褰撳悧錛熸槸鍚﹁繕鏈夌戶緇紵錛?#160;
* 瑙i噴錛氱畝鍗曠殑涓鍙ユ彁闂紝鍏跺疄闅愯棌浜嗕袱涓棶棰樸備綘緇欎簣鍏朵腑涓鏉¢棶棰樼殑絳旀錛屽茍涓嶄竴瀹氬拰鍙﹀涓鏉$殑涓鏍楓備緥濡備綘鏈夊共闈炴硶鍕懼綋錛屼絾鏈繀絳夋柤浣犺繕鏈夌戶緇?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙錛氳嫢浣犱笉鎯寵瑙i泧錛屼綘蹇呴』璁ゅ悓鍏徃鐨勫埗搴︺?#160;
* 瑙i噴錛氳繖鏄互宸ヤ綔鏈轟細寮鴻揩鍛樺伐璁ゅ悓鍒跺害錛屽憳宸ヤ笉鏄緷鎹埗搴﹀ソ鍧忔潵鍐沖畾璁ゅ悓涓庡惁銆?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙錛氬笇鏈涗綘鎺ュ彈鎴戣繖涓鏈堟潵澶╁ぉ閫氬鎾板啓鐨勫緩璁功銆?#160;
* 瑙i噴錛氬緩璁功鐨勫ソ鍧忥紝涓嶅湪涔庤姳浜嗗灝戞椂闂達紝鑰屾槸鍙栧喅鏂煎叾鍐呭錛屾彁鍑恒屽鏈堟潵澶╁ぉ閫氬鎾板啓銆嶅彧涓烘悘鍙栧悓鎯呫?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙錛氫綘鑻ヤ笉鍚垜鐨勮瘽錛屾垜渚挎墦浣狅紝涓嶅噯浣犲鍑猴紝鎵h搗浣犵殑闆剁敤銆?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙錛氬嚒鏄埍鍥界殑浜洪兘浼氳鍚岃绔嬪浗瀹跺畨鍏ㄦ硶鐨勫繀瑕併?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙錛氱湅錛佷漢浜洪兘榪欐牱璇達紝榪樹細閿欏悧錛?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙錛氬洜涓烘垜甯屾湜鏄庡ぉ鍦ㄦ埛澶栨墦鐞冿紝鎵浠ユ槑澶╀竴瀹氬ぉ鏅淬?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙 錛氬紶鍘傞暱鍙嶅闄堜富浠誨鍔犳垚鏈細璁¢儴鐨勫緩璁細銆屼綘褰撶劧璇存垚鏈細璁″崄鍒嗛噸瑕侊紝鍥犱負浣犳槸浼氳涓諱換銆傘?#160;
* 閿欒艾銆斾簩銆曪細鐢卞洖搴旇鐐規敼鍙樹負鏀誨嚮璁虹偣鍙戣搗浜虹殑澶勫銆?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙 錛氫綘绔熺浉淇¢偅浜涜崏鏍歸樁灞傜殑璇磋瘽錛?#160;
* 閿欒艾銆斾笁銆曪細鎻愬嚭銆屼綘涔熸槸錛併嶇殑涓嶆伆褰撳弽闂綔璁烘嵁銆?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙 錛氱埗錛氬惛鐑熷鍋ュ悍涓嶅ソ錛佸効錛氫負浠楹戒綘涔熷惛錛?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙 錛氱粡嫻庡瀹墮兘璁や負鐖卞洜鏂潶鐨勭浉瀵硅鏄笉鍙兘鐨勩?#160;
* 閿欒艾銆斾簩銆曪細璇夎鏉冨▉浜哄+鐨勪釜浜烘剰瑙併?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙 錛氱綏灞闀胯錛氥屽鐢熸槸鏀垮簻鐨勬斂絳栦笅鏈澶у緱鐩婅咃紝鎵浠ュ鐢熸棤鏉冩壒璇勯瀵間漢銆?#160;
* 瑙i噴 錛氬鐢熸槸鏀垮簻鐨勬斂絳栦笅鏈澶у緱鐩婅呭彧鏄綏灞闀跨殑璇磋瘽錛屼簨瀹炰笂瀛︾敓鏄惁鏀垮簻鐨勬斂絳栦笅鏈澶у緱鐩婅咃紝鍗存病鏈変竴涓瑙傜瓟妗堛?#160;
* 閿欒艾銆斾笁銆曪細璇ヨ寖鐣寸殑鏉冨▉浜哄+涓嶆槸璁ょ湡鐨勫洖搴斻傦紙渚嬪錛氬彧鏄湪寮鐜╃瑧錛忓枬閱夈傦級
* 渚嬪瓙 錛氥屾湁棣欒濺鑷劧鏈夌編浜猴紝錛譏錛己鐨勬誨叕鍙歌懀浜嬮暱閮借繖鏍瘋鍟︼紒銆?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙錛氭湁浣嶅績鐞嗗瀹舵浘緇忚榪囷紝姣忎漢閮芥湁鐘姜鍊懼悜銆?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙錛氫互浠栦竴鍚戠殑瀵逛漢鐨勬佸害錛屼粬涓瀹氫笉浼氬浣犲ソ鐨勩?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙錛氭垜闂簡鍗佷釜浜猴紝鏈変節涓鍙嶅姘戜富鍏氥傜粨璁猴細鍘熸潵涔濇垚棣欐腐浜哄弽瀵規皯涓誨厷銆?#160;
* 瑙i噴錛氬崟鍑崄涓漢璁烘柇棣欐腐涓冪櫨涓囦漢錛熸湭鍏嶅お杞葷巼鍚с傝嫢璇磋闂簡鏁頒竾浜猴紝寰楀嚭鏉ョ殑緇撴灉渚胯緝鏈夎鏈嶅姏銆?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙錛氬彾緇ф鎸佹琛屽姭錛涙灄榪囦簯濂告潃澶氬コ錛涙闃崇偝寮虹焊鐩掕棌灞嶃傞娓漢鑲畾鏈夋潃浜哄懼悜銆?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙錛氫粬瀵規湅鍙嬭繖楹藉ソ錛屽濂蟲湅鍙嬩竴瀹氬緢濂藉憿銆?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙錛氬嵆浣挎湁涓囧涓疄楠岃瘉鏄庡寲瀛︾墿璐ㄥ獎鍝嶆垜浠殑鎰熻錛屾垜灝辨槸涓嶇浉淇°?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙錛?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙錛氭斂搴滄硶渚嬭瀹氾紝琛岃蛋姝ゅ叕璺殑姹借濺鏈楂樻椂閫熶負涓冨崄鍏噷銆傛墍浠ュ嵆浣胯澆鐫蹇鐢熶駭鐨勪駭濡囷紝浜︿笉鍙紑寰楀揩榪囦竷鍗佸叕閲屻?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙錛氭垜浠噯璁告繏姝葷殑鐥呬漢娉ㄥ皠嫻鋒礇鑻憋紝鍩烘柤浜轟漢騫崇瓑錛屼篃搴旇鍏朵粬浜烘敞灝勬搗媧涜嫳銆?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙錛氬笇甯屽悆浜嗕竴縐嶈嵂錛屽嚭鐜拌繃鏁忓弽搴斻傚洜姝わ紝甯屽笇璁や負榪欑鑽繀鐒跺鑷磋繃鏁忓弽搴斻?#160;
* 瑙i噴錛氬笇甯岄亣鍒扮殑鍙槸涓埆渚嬪瓙錛屼笉鑳藉洜姝よ鏂鑽繀鐒跺鑷磋繃鏁忓弽搴斻?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙錛氳鑰呮姤瀵肩涔¤儗浜曠殑鎴樹簤闅炬皯涓殑涓瀹朵漢錛氥屼粬浠洜涓烘埧瀛愯鐐伀鎵姣佽岄冨埌榪欓噷銆傘?#160;
* 瑙i噴錛氱偖鐏鑷磋繖瀹朵漢鐨勬埧瀛愯姣佸強紱諱埂閫冮毦錛涙埧瀛愯姣佸茍涓嶅鑷磋繖瀹朵漢紱誨紑鍘熷眳鍦般?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙錛氬惛鐑熶嬌棣欐腐絀烘皵璐ㄧ礌姣忓喌鎰堜笅銆?#160;
* 瑙i噴錛氬鑷撮娓┖姘旇川绱犲樊鐨勪富鍥犳槸浜ら氬叕鍏風殑搴熸皵鍜屽ぉ姘旀儏鍐點?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙錛氱檶鐥囧鑷村惛鐑?#160;
* 瑙i噴錛氬惛鐑熸墠鏄檶鐥囩殑鍘熷洜銆?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙錛氫綘涓鏃ュ埌鏅氶兘鍙槸鐜╂父鎴忔満鑰屼笉娓╀範錛岄毦鎬綘鑰冭瘯鎴愮嘩閭i航宸?#160;
* 瑙i噴錛氶櫎浜嗙帺娓告垙鏈鴻屼笉娓╀範澶栵紝榪樻湁鍏朵粬鍘熷洜錛屼緥濡傝冭瘯鏈熼棿涓鏃跺ぇ鎰忔垨鑰呰瘯棰樺お闅撅紝浣嗗畠浠拰鐜╂父鎴忔満涓鏍鳳紝涓嶄竴瀹氭槸涓誨洜銆?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙錛氭垜鐭ラ亾鏈変笂甯濓紝鍥犱負銆婂湥緇忋嬫槸榪欐牱璇達紝鑰屻婂湥緇忋嬫槸涓嶄細閿欙紝鍥犱負瀹冩槸涓婂笣鍐欑殑銆?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙錛?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙錛氳繘鍖栬璇翠漢鏄敱鐚╃尒婕斿寲鑰屾潵銆?#160;
* 瑙i噴錛氳繘鍖栬鍙槸璇翠漢鍜岀尒鐚╂湁鍏卞悓紲栧厛銆?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙錛氱敳錛氬枃鍙腑瀛﹀張鍙戠敓瀛︾敓孌存枟浜嬩歡銆備箼錛氬櫌錛佹槸涔濋緳閭f墍鍚楋紵鐢詫細&%^%$&%$#...
* 瑙i噴錛氱敳榪欓噷娌℃湁琛ㄦ槑鏄柊鐣屽枃鍙紝浣夸箼璇細鎴愪節榫欑殑鍠囧彮涔﹂櫌銆?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙錛?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙錛?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙錛?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙錛?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙錛氬鏋滀粬鍦ㄤ腑鐜紝浠栦竴瀹氬湪娓矝銆傚洜姝ゅ鏋滀粬鐜板湪鍦ㄦ腐宀涳紝浠栦竴瀹氬湪涓幆銆?#160;
* 瑙i噴錛氬湪娓矝涓嶄竴瀹氳鍦ㄤ腑鐜紝鍙互鍦ㄩ噾閽熴佹咕浠斻侀摐閿f咕絳夈傚洜娓矝鍖呭惈浜嗕互涓婂悇欏廣?#160;
* 渚嬪瓙錛氬鏋滀粬鍦ㄤ腑鐜紝浠栦竴瀹氬湪娓矝銆傚洜姝ゅ鏋滀粬鐜板湪涓嶅湪涓幆錛岄偅楹戒粬涓瀹氫笉鍦ㄦ腐宀涖?#160;
* 瑙i噴錛氫笉鍦ㄤ腑鐜紝涔熷彲浠ュ湪閲戦挓銆佹咕浠斻侀摐閿f咕絳夈傚洜娓矝鍖呭惈浜嗕互涓婂悇欏廣?#160;
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涓鑸戶鎵匡紙鏈夎櫄鍑芥暟瑕嗙洊錛?/h3>
澶氶噸緇ф壙錛堟棤铏氬嚱鏁拌鐩栵級
澶氶噸緇ф壙錛堟湁铏氬嚱鏁拌鐩栵級
瀹夊叏鎬?/h3>
緇撴潫璇?/h3>
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