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搬家了，呵呵 http://www.cnblogs.com/k7_1983/

Thu, 25 Sep 2008 08:35:00 GMT

http://www.cnblogs.com/k7_1983/

博客园有��组�Q�更好交��！^_^

聂元�?/a> 2008-09-25 16:35 发表评论

��译-C++最��单的windows�E�序 The Simplest Windows Program

Tue, 23 Sep 2008 03:01:00 GMT

来自�Q�http://www.relisoft.com/win32/winnie.html
译：聂元�?
1. The Simplest Windows Program
1.最��单的Windows�E�序

Before you can even begin thinking about programming in Windows, you have to be able to understand how this simple program works.

在你开始想如何在windows下编�E�之前，你必��要弄清楚下面这个简单windows�E�序的工作原理�?

Windows API calls are highlighted in blue and Windows specific data types are shown in green. I will also usually put a double colon in front of API calls. In C++, that simply means that I'm calling a global function, in case there is some ambiguity.

我用蓝色来标识Windows的API调用�Q�用�l�色来标识Windows中的�Ҏ��的数据类型。同时我在API函数的前面放�|�了一对冒�?:。在C++中，�q�对冒号��是告诉�~�译器我在调用一个全局函数。由于有时候有同名的函敎ͼ��Z��不引��h؜淆，在前面放�|�冒��h��一�U�很好的做法

Sources (zipped file 4k) are right here. Remember to compile them as a Windows application. For instance, in Visual C++ select File.New.Projects.Win32 Application. Otherwise you'll get the error: unresolved external _main. (I provided project file Winnie.dsp for those of you who use MS VC++ 6.0 and Winnie.sln for the users of VC++ 7.0)

我提供了源代�?一�?k大小的压�~�文�?。请��C��要把它们�~�译成一个windows应用�E�序而不是windows控制台程序。否则，你就会得到找不到main函数的错误。在VC++6.0中，我们可以通过选择File——New Projects——Win32 Application来创��Z��个windows应用�E�序的工�E�。当�Ӟ��你用不着�q�么担心�Q�我已经提供了两个做好的工程文�g�l�你。一个是winnie.dsp�Q�你可以在VC++6.0下��用。一个是Winnie.sln�Q�你可以在VC++7.0下��用�?

First, in a Windows program, you have to define a Window Class, the "class" of window(s) that will be displayed by your application (not a C++ class). In our case we will display only one window, but still, we need to give Windows some minimal information about its Class. The most important part of the WinClass (now, that's a C++ class that describes the Window Class) is the address of the callback procedure, or the Window Procedure. Windows is supposed to call us--Windows sends messages to our program by calling this procedure.

好了�Q�让我们来看看如何写�q�个最��单的�E�序吧。首先，在一个windows�E�序里面�Q�你需要定义一个窗口类�Q�注意这个类的概念不同于C++中的�c�，�q�个�H�口�cȝ��当于C语言中的�l�构体，你把�q�个�l�构体填好了�Q�然后你的应用程序就会根据你填的�q�些信息来显�C�窗口。在我们的例子里面，我们仅仅昄��一个窗口。但是就��是�q�样�Q�我们也必须要给我们的窗口最��的�H�口�c�M��息。而其中最重要的部分就是回调函��C��Q�有时候我们也�U�它为窗口过�E�。其实这是一个函数指针，每次�E�序需要处理消息的时候，windows��通过�q�个函数指针来调用我们写好的回调函数。是的，你看刎ͼ�是windows调用我们�~�写的函数。你�q�记得函数指针吗�Q�如果不是很清楚�Q�可以google一下，o(∩_∩)o…

Notice the declaration of WindowProcedure. Windows calls it with a handle to the window in question, the message, and two data items associated with the message, the paramters, WPARAM and LPARAM.

让我们看看WindowProcedure(�H�口�q�程、回调函�?的定义。仔�l�看一下，�W�一个函数是一个句柄，也就是个整数。Windows用它来区别是哪个�H�口。然后是消息�Q�然后是与消息关�p�d��切的两个参数WPARAM和LPARAM。这个我本来惌��一下，留到以后吧，毕竟原文中在�q�里没有讌Ӏ?

In WinClass we also have to specify things like the program instance handle HINSTANCE, the mouse cursor (we just load the standard arrow cursor), the brush to paint the window's background (we chose the default window color brush), and the symbolic name of our class (you don't have to understand the meaning of all those yet).

在下面的WinClass�c�M��我们必须�l�一些窗口类的字�D�赋��|��如窗口的实例句柄HINSTACE,鼠标光标(我们仅仅加蝲了标准的��头鼠标)�Q�画�H�口背景的画�?我们用的是窗口缺省的背景颜色��d��)�Q�最后还有窗口类的名�?�H�口�cȝ��名字最好和别�h的不�?.(当然�Q�现在你不需要弄明白�q�些参数的意�?

Once all the fields of WNDCLASS are filled, we register the class with the Windows system.

一旦我们把WNDCLASS�l�构体填完了�Q�我们就通过调用RegisterClass函数在windows�pȝ��中注册我们的�H�口�c�R��好了，先看看我是怎样��装WNDCLASS��C��个WinClass�c�M��ȝ��?

#include 
LRESULT CALLBACK WindowProcedure
    (HWND hwnd, unsigned int message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam);
class WinClass
{
public:
    WinClass (WNDPROC winProc, char const * className, HINSTANCE hInst);
    void Register ()
    {
        ::RegisterClass (&_class);//now we don’t deal with the error
    }//we will process the error in the next version
private:
    WNDCLASS _class;//define a private WNDCLASS object member
};

WinClass::WinClass
    (WNDPROC winProc, char const * className, HINSTANCE hInst)
{
    _class.style = 0;
    _class.lpfnWndProc = winProc; // window procedure: mandatory
    _class.cbClsExtra = 0;
    _class.cbWndExtra = 0;
    _class.hInstance = hInst;         // owner of the class: mandatory
    _class.hIcon = 0;
    _class.hCursor = ::LoadCursor (0, IDC_ARROW); // optional
    _class.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH) (COLOR_WINDOW + 1); // optional
    _class.lpszMenuName = 0;
    _class.lpszClassName = className; // mandatory
}

Once the Window Class is registered, we can proceed with the creation of a window. This is done by calling the CreateWindow API. It takes a lot of arguments: the name of the window class that we have just registered, the caption that will appear in the title bar, window style, position, size, and the application instance. The rest of the arguments, for the time being, will be left equal to zero.

一旦窗口类注册成功�Q�我们就可以用它来创��Z��个窗口。我们通过调用CreateWindow�q�个API函数来完成它。它有很多参敎ͼ��q�可能让你有点烦�Q�不�q�不要进�Q�你只要写一�ơ就好了。这些参数包括：我们刚刚注册好的�H�口�cȝ��名字(�q�个要是搞错了，你的�H�口可能��出不来�?,我们�H�口的标题栏上的标题�Q�窗口的样式�Q�位�|�，大小�q�有应用�E�序的实例句柄。剩下的参数暂时我们�q�不需要用刎ͼ�我们把它们初始化�?�?

This part of the program can also be encapsulated into a C++ class, WinMaker.

�E�序的这部分也被我封装到了一个C++的类WinMaker当中�?

The window will not appear on the screen until you tell Windows to show it.

��q��你创建好了窗口，但你�q�是看不刎ͼ�你必��调用ShowWindow函数让它昄��?

class WinMaker
{
public:
    WinMaker (): _hwnd (0) {}
    WinMaker (char const * caption, 
              char const * className,
              HINSTANCE hInstance);
    void Show (int cmdShow)
    {
        ::ShowWindow (_hwnd, cmdShow);
        ::UpdateWindow (_hwnd);
    }
protected:
    HWND _hwnd;
};
WinMaker::WinMaker (char const * caption, 
                    char const * className,
                    HINSTANCE hInstance)
{
    _hwnd = ::CreateWindow (
        className,            // name of a registered window class
        caption,              // window caption
        WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,  // window style
        CW_USEDEFAULT,        // x position
        CW_USEDEFAULT,        // y position
        CW_USEDEFAULT,        // witdh
        CW_USEDEFAULT,        // height
        0,                    // handle to parent window
        0,                    // handle to menu
        hInstance,            // application instance
        0);                   // window creation data
}

A Windows program is event-driven. It means that you, as a programmer, are supposed to be on the defensive. The user will bombard Windows with various input actions, and Windows will bombard your program with messages corresponding to these actions. All you have to do is to respond to these messages. The picture below shows schematically how it works.

Windows�E�序是事仉��动的。这��是说你作�ؓ一个windows�E�序员，所做的应该是防御式�~�程。其实也没有�q�么严重。具体来说就是，用户会发�l�windows多种输入行�ؓ�Q�而windows把这些输入用消息的方式发�l�你的程序。而你�Q�所做的��是针对每一个消息在回调函数中做出处理。下面的�q�张囄��意性的说明了这个过�E�。图在下一��늚�下一��，o(∩_∩)o…

Windows gets various events from the keyboard, the mouse, the ports, etc. Each event is quickly converted into a message. Windows (the operating system) dispatches messages to appropriate windows. For instance, all keyboard messages go to the window that currently has the input focus (the active window). Mouse messages are dispatched according to the position of the mouse cursor. They usually go to the window that is directly under the cursor (unless some program captured the mouse).

首先,windows�pȝ��从键盘、鼠标、端口等�{�各�U�设备中获得各种事�g。每个事件被快速的转换为消息。Windows分派�q�些消息�l�合适的�H�口。�D个例子，所有的键盘消息都会传给当前��h��输入焦点的窗�?也就是所谓的�z�d��H�口)。鼠标消息则会根据鼠标光标所在的位置分派�l�相应的�H�口。这些窗口通常是直接位于光标下的第一个窗�?除非有某些程序捕获鼠标消�?�?

All these messages end up in message queues. Windows keeps a message queue for every running application (actually, for every thread). It is your duty to retrieve these messages one-by-one in what is called a message loop. Your program has to call GetMessage to retrieve a message. Then you call DispatchMessage to give it back to Windows. Couldn't Windows just go ahead and dispatch all these messages itself? In principle it could, but a message loop gives your program a chance to have a peek at them and maybe perform some additional actions before dispatching them. Or not...

所有的消息都放在消息队列里面。Windows为每一个运行的应用�E�序�l�护一个消息队�?实际上，是�ؓ每一个线�E?。把�q�些消息一个个的取出来�Q�这是你的责仅R��通常我们把这�D�代码叫做消息��@环。在你的�E�序里，首先调用GetMessage函数取出一条消息，然后调用DispatchMessage把它�q�回�l�Windows。Windows�q�会重新分派�q�些消息�?原则上不会，但是你可以在消息循环中��用PeekMessage函数来查看消息而不分派它，因�ؓ某些情况下，你需要在分派�q�些消息之前做一些额外的工作�?

Each message is addressed to a particular window. When you tell Windows to dispatch such a message, it will figure out the class of this window, find the associated Window Procedure, and call it. Every single message sent to our window will end up in our window procedure. It is now up to us to respond to it. So, do we have to respond appropriately to every possible type of Windows message? There a hundreds of them! Fortunately, no! We only need to intercept those messages that we are interested in. Everything else we pass back to Windows for default processing using DefWindowProc.

每个消息被传递到一个特�D�的�H�口。当你告诉windows分派一条信息的时候，windows会先扑և��q�个�H�口的类�Q�然后找��C��之关联的�H�口�q�程�Q�最后调用这个窗口过�E�。每个发送到我们�H�口的消息都会在我们的窗口过�E�中�l�止。现在轮到我们来处理�q�些消息了。因此，我们必须要处理所有的消息�c�d��Q�不�Q�这里有几百�U�消息，我们只需要处理对我们有用的消息就可以了。但其它消息怎么办呢�Q�不用担心，其它消息我们通过调用DefWindowProc�q�个函数来自动处理�?

Let's have a look at WinMain. The execution of a Windows program doesn't start in main--it starts in WinMain. In our WinMain, we create a WinClass and register it. Then we create an actual window (of the class we've just registered) and show it. Actually, WinMain is called with the appropriate show directive--the user might want to start the application minimized or maximized. So we just follow this directive. Next, we enter the message loop and keep retrieving and dispatching messages until GetMessage returns 0. At that point the message's wParam will contain the return code of the whole program.

让我们看看WinMain�q�个函数。一个windows函数的开始不是main函数�Q�而是WinMain。在我们的winMain函数里，我们创徏了一个WinClass的对象winClass�Q�然后我们在windows中注册了它。接下来我们创徏了一个窗�?我们刚刚注册的窗口类所对应的窗�?�q�且昄��它。实际上�Q�WinMain�׃��个参数是用来指明�H�口昄��效果�?�q�样�Q�用户可以指定窗口显�C�的方式)——用户可能希望打开�q�个�E�序用最��化或者最大化的方式打开�Q�因此，我们在这里只需要直接��用这个参数就可以了。然后我们进入消息��@环�ƈ不断取出消息和进行分�z�，直到GetMessage函数�q�回0。这个时候消息的wParam参数��会包含整个�E�序的返回倹{�?

int WINAPI WinMain (HINSTANCE hInst, HINSTANCE hPrevInst,
                    char * cmdParam, int cmdShow)
{
    char className [] = "Winnie";
    WinClass winClass (WindowProcedure, className, hInst);
    winClass.Register ();
    WinMaker win ("Hello Windows!", className, hInst);
    win.Show (cmdShow);
    
    MSG  msg;
    int status;
    while ((status = ::GetMessage (& msg, 0, 0, 0)) != 0)
    {
        if (status == -1)
            return -1;
        ::DispatchMessage (& msg);
    }
    
    return msg.wParam;
}

The GetMessage API is an interesting example of the bizarre Microsoft Troolean (as opposed to traditional, Boolean) logic. GetMessage is defined to return a BOOL, but the documentation specifies three types of returns, non-zero, zero and -1. I am not making it up! Here's an excerpt from the help file:

GetMessage函数是一个很好笑的微软的三值布��类型的例子。GetMessage函数定义的返回值是BOOL�c�d��Q�但是文档却明确指出它含有三�U�返回��|��?�?�?1。我不想在这里多费口舌。下面是从MSDN中的摘录�?

· If the function retrieves a message other than WM_QUIT, the return value is nonzero.
· If the function retrieves the WM_QUIT message, the return value is zero.
· If there is an error, the return value is -1.

The other important part of every Windows program is the Windows Procedure. Remember, Windows will call it with all kinds of messages. All these messages can be ignored by sending them to DefWindowProc. There is only one message that we must intercept. That's the WM_DESTROY message that is sent by Windows when the user decides to close the window (by pressing the close button in the title bar). The standard response to WM_DESTROY is to post the quit message and return zero. That's all there is to it.

让我们看看所有windows�E�序都很重要的回调函数吧。你需要注意的是，windows��ؓ所有的消息调用�q�个函数。所以剩余的消息一定要送给DefWindowProc��d��理。在�q�里我们只处理了一个消息。那��是WM_DESTROY。当用户要关闭一个窗口的时候，windows会发送这个消息。标准的处理WM_DESTROY消息是发送一条退出消息，�q�返�?。好了，�q�就是我们要讲的全部了�?_*

// Window Procedure called by Windows
LRESULT CALLBACK WindowProcedure
    (HWND hwnd, unsigned int message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
    switch (message)
    {
        case WM_DESTROY:
            ::PostQuitMessage (0);
            return 0;
    }
    return ::DefWindowProc (hwnd, message, wParam, lParam );
}

聂元�?/a> 2008-09-23 11:01 发表评论

书上的练�?随机�?龟兔赛跑

Sun, 25 May 2008 05:56:00 GMT

书上的一个练习！

// date 2008.5.25
// author fanghua.nie
// just do a exercise in the C How To Program

#include <windows.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>

#define START_POS 1
#define RACE_DISTANCE 70 // the distances of the race

#define TORTOISE 'T' // the symbol that is printed in the screen as a tortoise
#define RABBIT 'R' // the symbol that is printed in the screen as a rabbit
#define ROAD '.' // the symbol that is printed in the screen as a mile road.
#define COMPLETE_ROAD '+'

// define the console color
#define LIGHT_GREEN FOREGROUND_GREEN | FOREGROUND_INTENSITY
#define LIGHT_YELLOW FOREGROUND_GREEN | FOREGROUND_RED | FOREGROUND_GREEN | FOREGROUND_INTENSITY
#define LIGHT_RED FOREGROUND_RED | FOREGROUND_INTENSITY
// define BOOL datatype
typedef int BOOL;
#define TRUE 1
#define FALSE 0

//get the speed of the tortoise or the rabbit
int GetTortoiseSpeed ( int percent, int * speed );
int GetRabbitSpeed ( int percent, int * speed );

//output the result in console interface
void PrintRaceResult ( int tortoisePosition, int rabbitPosition );

int main (void)
{
   int percent; // save the percent as a integer that less 10
   // 1 10%, 2 20%, 9 90%, 10 100% etc.
   int speed; // save the speed of the rabbit or the tortoise

   int tortoisePosition = START_POS;
   int rabbitPosition = START_POS;

   srand ( time(NULL) );

   printf (" The game began:\n");
   //show the tortoise and the rabbit
   PrintRaceResult ( tortoisePosition, rabbitPosition );

   while ( rabbitPosition < RACE_DISTANCE && tortoisePosition < RACE_DISTANCE )
   {
   //compute next speed of the tortoise
   percent = rand()%10 + 1;

   if ( !GetTortoiseSpeed ( percent, &speed ) ) //get the speed of the tortoise
   {
   puts ("Error!\n");
   exit (ERROR);
   }

   // move the tortoise to next position
   tortoisePosition = tortoisePosition + speed;

   if ( tortoisePosition < 0 )
   tortoisePosition = START_POS;
   else if ( tortoisePosition > RACE_DISTANCE )
   tortoisePosition = RACE_DISTANCE;

   //compute next rate of rabbit speed
   percent = rand()%10 + 1; //get the percent

   if ( !GetRabbitSpeed (percent, &speed) ) //get the speed of rabbit
   {
   puts ("Error!\n");
   exit (ERROR);
   }

   //move the rabbit
   rabbitPosition = rabbitPosition + speed;

   //check the position whether is right or not, then correct it.
   if ( rabbitPosition < 0 )
   rabbitPosition = START_POS;
   else if ( rabbitPosition > RACE_DISTANCE )
   rabbitPosition = RACE_DISTANCE;

   //show the tortoise and the rabbit
   PrintRaceResult ( tortoisePosition, rabbitPosition );

   }

   //print the race result
   if ( rabbitPosition > tortoisePosition )
   {
   printf ("Rabbit Wins!\n");
   }
   else if ( rabbitPosition == tortoisePosition )
   {
   printf ("It's a tie\n");
   }
   else
   {
   printf ("Tortoise Wins!\n");
   }

   return 0;
}

BOOL GetTortoiseSpeed ( int percent, int * speed )
{
   if ( percent >= 1 && percent <= 5 )
   {
   (*speed) = 3;
   return TRUE;
   }
   else if ( percent >= 6 && percent <= 7 )
   {
   (*speed) = -6;
   return TRUE;
   }
   else if ( percent >= 8 && percent <= 10 )
   {
   (*speed) = 1;
   return TRUE;
   }
   else
   {
   return FALSE;
   }
}

BOOL GetRabbitSpeed ( int percent, int * speed )
{
   if ( percent >= 1 && percent <= 2 )
   {
   (*speed) = 0;
   return TRUE;
   }
   else if ( percent >= 3 && percent <= 4 )
   {
   (*speed) = 9;
   return TRUE;
   }
   else if ( percent == 5 )
   {
   (*speed) = -12;
   return TRUE;
   }
   else if ( percent >= 6 && percent <= 8 )
   {
   (*speed) = 1;
   return TRUE;
   }
   else if ( percent >= 9 && percent <= 10 )
   {
   (*speed) = -2;
   return TRUE;
   }
   else
   {
   return FALSE;
   }
}

void PrintRaceResult ( int tortoisePosition, int rabbitPosition )
{
   int tcount;
   int rcount;

   HANDLE hOut;
   hOut = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
   printf ("\n ");
   for ( tcount = START_POS; tcount <= RACE_DISTANCE; tcount++ )
   {

   if ( tcount == tortoisePosition )
   {
   SetConsoleTextAttribute (hOut, LIGHT_GREEN );
   putchar (TORTOISE);
   }
   else if ( tcount < tortoisePosition )
   {
   SetConsoleTextAttribute (hOut, LIGHT_GREEN );
   putchar (COMPLETE_ROAD);
   }
   else
   {
   SetConsoleTextAttribute (hOut, LIGHT_RED );
   putchar (ROAD);
   }
   }
   printf ("\n ");

   for ( rcount = START_POS; rcount <= RACE_DISTANCE; rcount++ )
   {
   if ( rcount == rabbitPosition )
   {
   SetConsoleTextAttribute ( hOut, LIGHT_GREEN );
   putchar (RABBIT);
   }
   else if ( rcount < rabbitPosition )
   {
   SetConsoleTextAttribute (hOut, LIGHT_GREEN );
   putchar (COMPLETE_ROAD);
   }
   else
   {
   SetConsoleTextAttribute ( hOut, LIGHT_YELLOW );
   putchar (ROAD);
   }
   }
   printf ("\n\n");

}

聂元�?/a> 2008-05-25 13:56 发表评论

Thu, 22 May 2008 08:27:00 GMT

http://www.winprog.org/tutorial/
个�h最喜欢的SDK入门教程使用C

http://www.relisoft.com/win32/index.htm
较喜�Ƣ的�Q��用C++

http://adrianxw.dk/
一些关于windows下的console斚w��的SDK函数调用

http://www.functionx.com/win32/
This site's goal is to provide a few lessons on Win32 programming. Keep in mind that everything you can do with Win32 using a C++ compiler

http://www.mdstud.chalmers.se/~md7amag/code/wintut/
�q�个不是太好�Q�不�q�看看也不错

http://www.vckbase.com
很多源代码和文本资料�Q�文档，

http://www.csdn.net
�q�个不用说了�Q�问问题的好地方

http://ntt.cc/2008/05/12/over-480-free-and-fresh-icon-sets-help-you-to-create-your-beautiful-skins-and-themes-in-flex.html
各种图表资源索引,��Z��q��接从攑ֈ��q�里了，免得�q�要点击链接�Q?br>

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聂元�?/a> 2008-05-22 16:27 发表评论

指针一——基本用法和一些需要清楚的概念

Wed, 21 May 2008 14:35:00 GMT

1.指针变量的声明和初始�?br>指针��是把内存地址做�ؓ其值的变量�?br>(1)指针是一个变�?br>(2)普通变量直接引用了一个�?br>�?

int a = 3;

那么a的值就�?�?br>(3)指针变量只存攑ֆ�存地址
(4)指针存放的内存地址往往存放有实际的��|��但也可能是另外一个指�?br>�?

int a = 3;
int * aptr = &a;//把a的地址通过取地址�q�算�W�赋�l�指针变�?aptr
printf ("%p", aptr);//打印出指针的��|��?6�q�制的方�?/span>
printf ("%p", &a);//打印出a的地址�Q�用16�q�制的方�?/span>

(5)指针变量名间接应用了一个�?我们使用间接引用�q�算�W�来取得具体的�?br>printf (”%d”, *aptr);

(6)指针必须初始�?可以把指针初始化为NULL
NULL�?stdio.h>中定义，它的值是0
使用NULL使程序具有可��L��?/p>

注意�Q?br>& 取地址�q�算�W?取得��M��变量的地址
如：

int a;
int *aptr;
int c[5];
//使用&�q�算�W�取得地址�Q��ƈ打印出来
printf ("%p\n", &a);//取得整型变量a的内存地址
printf ("%p\n", &aptr);//取得指针变量aptr的内存地址
printf ("%p\n", &c[0]);//取得数组�W�一个元素的内存地址

* 比较让大家迷惑的是它在这里有两种不同的用法，但实际上它们�q�不是同��L��
(1)和具体的数据�c�d��一��h��成对应的指针�c�d��
*在声明语句表�C�变量是一个指�?/p>

int *
float *
char *
double *

(2)间接引用�q�算�W?/p>

int a = 3;
int * aptr = &a;//把a的地址通过取地址�q�算�W�赋�l�指针变�?aptr

printf ("%d", *aptr);//通过a的地址间接引用变量a的�?/span>

思考：
仔细分析下面的语句的�l�果�?/p>

int a = 8;
int * aPtr;
aPtr = &a;

printf ("%p\n", & * aPtr);
printf ("%p\n", * & aPtr);

提示�Q�一层层分析�Q�可以看�?&(*aPtr)
�{�案在最下面�?/p>

二、指针的传引用调�?br>1.C语言中所有的函数都是传��D��?br>��Z��么，��N��指针不是传引用调用吗�Q?br>不是�Q�C语言只是把指针的值拷贝一份，传如函数内部�?br>2.那么传递数�l�呢�Q?/p>

void printArray (int *nPtr);

�?/p>

void printArray (int array[]);

的效果都是一��L��Q�都是传一个地址�q�去�?br>另外�Q�要注意�Q?br>数组名本�w�就是地址�?br>3.指针的传引用调用我们也可�U�C��为模拟传引用调用�Q�因为我们传的是一个地址�Q?br>函数调用�Ӟ��函数的参��C��拯��q�个地址�Q�然后通过复引用来操作变量�?/p>

int cubeByReference (int * nPtr)//计算立方
{
*nptr = *nptr * *nptr * *nptr;
}

注意�q�里�Q?br>(1)*(复引用运��符)�?(乘法�q�算�W?优先�U�要高�?br>所以可以不适用括号�Q�但是推荐你使用下面的语句，�q�样�E�序更加清晰�?br>(2)nPtr是占用堆栈的�Q�函数cubeByReference会给nPtr�q�个指针变量分配�I�间�Q?br>然后把传入的指针变量的��D��l�它�?/p>

int cubeByReference (int * nPtr)//计算立方
{
(*nptr) = (*nptr) * (*nptr) * (*nptr);
}

4.传��gؓ什么不改变传入变量的�?br>因�ؓ它是在堆栈中生成一个新的变量，然后把存攄��值拷贝过来，最后函数结束的时候把该变量从堆栈中释

放掉�Q�所以�ƈ不会改变传入变量的倹{�?br>��像你用一张新的纸把一张纸上的东西复制一遍，然后在新的纸上写写画画，然后丢掉�Q��ƈ不会影响到原�?/p>

的纸上的内容�?br>5.传指�?也就是传引用��Z��么会改变)
因�ؓ指针�l�出了原来变量的地址�Q��?(复引用指�?可以通过�q�个地址扑ֈ��q�个变量�q�对它进行修攏V�?/p>

三、指针的const限定
(1)指向非常量数据的非常量指�?/p>

int a;
int b;
int *aPtr;
aPtr = &a;//OK
aPtr = &b;//OK
*aptr = 3;//OK

(2)指向帔R��数据的非帔R��指针(不能修改指向变量中的数据)

const int * aPtr;

注意�Q�const 修饰int

int a;
int b;
const int *aPtr;
aPtr = &a;//OK
aPtr = &b;//OK
*aptr = 3;//ERROR 不能修改指向的变量中的数�?/span>

(3)指向非常量数据的帔R��指针(不能东指西指)

int * const aPtr;

注意: const 修饰指针变量 aptr;
数组名是一个很好的例子�?参见字符串数�l�中的说明�?

int a;
int b;
const int *aPtr = &a;
aPtr = &b;//ERROR 不能再指向另外一个变�?/span>
*aptr = 3;//OK

(4)指向帔R��数据的常量指�?不能修改指向变量中的数据,不能东指西指)
const int * const aPtr;

int a;
int b;
const int * const aPtr = &a;
aPtr = &b;//ERROR 不能再指向另外一个变�?/span>
*aptr = 3;//ERROR 不能修改指向的变量中的数�?/span>

�{�案�Q?br>1.实际�?aPtr相当于a, &*aPtr��取得a的地址
2.&aPtr取得aPtr的直臻I��?&aPtr��取得aPtr存放的��|��也就是a的地址
3.&*会相互抵消，实际�?amp;*aPtr == aPtr == *&aPtr

聂元�?/a> 2008-05-21 22:35 发表评论

存储�c�R��链接和内存��理(�?——volatile和restrict

Mon, 12 May 2008 03:12:00 GMT

一、类型限定词volatile
限定词volatile告诉�~�译器该变量除了可以被程序改变以外还可被其他代理改变�?br>它通常被用于硬件地址和与其它�q�行�q�行的程序共享的数据�?br>如：

volatile int locl;
volatile int *ploc;

你可能会奇怪�ؓ什么ANSI觉得有必要把volatile作�ؓ一个关键字�?br>原因是它可以方便�~�译器优化�?br>例如

val1 = x;
/* 一些不使用x的代�?*/
val2 = x;

一个聪明的�~�译器可能注意到你��用了两次x,而没有改变它的倹{��那么，它有可能把x临时存储在一个寄存器中�?br>接着�Q�当val2需要x�Ӟ��可以通过从寄存器而非初始的内存位�|�中��d��该��g��节省旉��?br>�q�个�q�程被称为缓�?caching)�?br>通常�Q�缓存是一个好的优化方式，但是如果在两个语句间其他代理改变了x的话��׃��是这样了�?br>如果没有规定volatile关键字，那么�~�译器将无从得知�q�种改变是否可能发生�?br>在ANSI中，如果声明中没有volatile关键字，那么�~�译器就可以假定一个值在使用�q�程中没有被修改�Q�它��可以试着�?/p>

化代码�?br>一个值可以同时是const �?volatile�?br>例如�Q�硬件时钟一般设定�ؓ不能��q��序改变，�q�一点��它成为const;
但它被程序以外的代理改变�Q�这使它成�ؓvolatile.
那么我们可以�q�么声明�Q?/p>

volatile const int loc;
const volatile int *ploc;

二、类型限定词restrict
关键字restrict用来消除数据间的相关性，�~�译器从而可以安排语句的�q�行执行�?br>它只可以用于指针�Q��ƈ表明指针是访问一个数据对象的唯一且初始的方式�?br>我们通过一个例子来看看�Q?/p>

int ar[10];
int * par = ar;
int * restrict restar = (int *)malloc (10 * sizeof (int));

注意�Q�指针restar是访问由malloc ()分配的内存的唯一且初始的方式�?br>因此�Q�它可以由关键字restrict限定�?br>而指针par既不是初始的�Q�也不是讉K��数组ar中数据的唯一方式�Q�因此不可以把它限定为restrict�?br>考虑下面的语句：

for (n = 0; n < 10; n++)
{
   par[n] += 5;
   restar[n] += 5;
   ar[n] *= 2;
   par[n] += 3;
   restar[n] += 3;
}

知道了restar是放问它所指向数据块的唯一初始化方式，�~�译器就可以用具有同��h��果的一条语句来代替包含restar�?/p>

两个语句�?/p>

resatr [n] += 8;

然而，�~�译器将两个包含par的语句精��Z��个语句将��D��计算错误�?/p>

par[n] +=8;

原因是ar[n] *= 2;�q�条语句在par[n] += 3之前已经改变了par指针所指向数据的倹{�?/p>

restrict的作用：帮助�~�译器确定��指针�q�行数��D��时�Q�是否可以进行优化�?br>可以��关键字restrict作�ؓ指针型函数参量的限定词��用�?br>�q�意味着�~�译器可以假定在函数体内没有其它标识�W�修�Ҏ��针指向的数据�Q�因而可以试着优化代码�Q�反之则不然�?/p>

voie * memcpy (void * restrict s1, const void * restrict s2, size_t n);

关键字restrict有两个读者�?br>一个是�~�译器，它告诉编译器可以自由地去做一些有关优化的假定�?br>一个是用于�Q�它告诉用户仅��用满��restrict要求的参数�?/p>

聂元�?/a> 2008-05-12 11:12 发表评论

Tue, 06 May 2008 12:18:00 GMT

2.链接
一个C变量��h��下列链接之一:
外部链接 (external linkage)
内部链接 (internal linkage)
�I�链�?(no linkage)
��h��代码块作用域或者函数原型作用域的变量具有空链接�Q�意味着它们是由其定义所在的代码块或函数原型所�U�有的�?br>��h��文�g作用域的变量可能有内部或者外部链接�?br>一个具有外部链接的变量可以在一个多文�g�E�序的�Q何地方��用�?br>一个具有内部链接的变量可以在一个文件的��M��地方使用�?br>那怎样知道一个文件作用域变量��h��内部链接�q�是外部链接?
你可以看看在外部定义中是否��用了存储�c�说明符static:

int giants = 5;//文�g作用域，外部链接
static int dodgers = 3;//文�g作用域，内部链接
int main ()
{
……
}

和该文�g属于同一�E�序的其他文件可以��用变量giants�?br>变量dodgers是该文�g�U�有的，但是可以被该文�g中的��M��函数使用�?/p>

2.存储时期
一个C变量有两�U�存储时期之一�Q?br>静态存储时�?static storage duration)和自动存储时�?automatic storage duration)�?br>如果一个变量具有静态存储时期，它在�E�序执行期间��一直存在�?br>��h��文�g作用域的变量��h��静态存储时期�?br>注意对于��h��文�g作用域的变量�Q�关键字static表示链接�c�d��Q��ƈ非存储时期�?br>因�ؓ所有的文�g作用域变量，无论它具有内部链接，�q�是��h��外部链接�Q�都��h��静态存储时期�?/p>

��h��代码块作用域的变量一般情况下��h��自动存储时期�?br>当程序进入定义这些变量的代码块时�Q�将��些变量分配内存�?br>当推��个代码块�Ӟ��内存��被释放�?br>�q�样�Q�在一个函数调用结束后�Q�它的变量所占用的内存空间可以用来存储下一个被调用函数的变量�?/p>

到现在我们所使用的局部变量都属于自动�c�d��?/p>

void bore (int number)
{
   int index;
   for (index = 0; index < number; index++)
   {
   puts ("They don't make them the way they used to.\n");
   return 0;
   }
}

总论�Q�c使用作用域、链接和存储时期来定�?中存储类�?br>自动�Q�寄存器、具有代码块作用域的静态、具有外部链接的静态、具有内部链接的静�?br>1.自动变量
自动变量��h��自动存储时期、代码块作用域和�I�链接�?br>默认情况下，在代码块或函数的头部定义的�Q意变量都属于自动存储�c�R�?br>你可以显�C�的使用关键字auto来表明一个变量�ؓ自动变量�Q�但我们一般不写�?/p>

int main (void)
{
   auto int plox;
}

int loop (int n)
{
   int m; // m的作用域
   scanf ("%d", &m);
   {
   int i; // m和i的作用域
   for (i=m; i < n; i++)
   {
   puts ("i is local to a sub-block\n");
   }
   }

   return m; // m的作用域, i已经消失
}

如果在内层代码块定义了一个具有和外层代码块便来那个同一名字的变量，��会怎样?
(最好不要在你的代码中这样做)
�q�时内层代码块将使用在内层代码块中这个新定义的变量�?br>我们�U�C��为内层定义覆�?hide)了外部定义，只有当运行离开内层代码块是�Q�外部变量才会重新恢复��用�?/p>

#include <stdio.h>
int main (void)
{
   int x = 30;
   printf ("x in outer block: %d\n", x);
   {
   int x = 77;
   printf ("x in inner block: %d\n", x);
   }
}

注意�Q?br>c99中规定，语句若�ؓ循环或者if语句的一部分�Q�即使没有��用{},也认为是一个代码块�?/p>

#include <stdio.h>
int main (void)
{
   int n = 10;
   printf ("Initially, n = %d\n", n);

   for (int n = 1; n < 3; n++)
   printf ("loop : n = %d\n", n);

   printf ("Initially, n = %d\n", n);

   return 0;
}

注意�Q?br>除非您显式地初始化自动变量，否则它不会被自动初始化�?/p>

int main (void)
{
int repid;
int tents = 5;
}

repid的初值则是先前占用分配给它的�I�间的�Q意倹{��不要指望这个值是0�?/p>

2.寄存器变�?br>通常�Q�变量存储在计算机内存中。如果幸�q�，寄存器变量可以被存储在CPU的寄存器中，�q�样速度会更快�?br>在其它许多方面，它和自动变量是一��L��?br>通过使用存储�c�d��说明�W�register可以声明寄存器变量�?/p>

int main (void)
{
register int quick;
}

我们说如果幸�q�是因�ؓ声明一个寄存器�c�d��量仅仅是一个请求，而不是一条直接命令�?br>因�ؓCPU寄存器往往很少�Q�编译器必须在可用寄存器的个数和可用高速内存的数量之间做权衡�?br>�q�种情况下，变量成�ؓ一个普通的自动变量�?br>但是�Q�你不能对它使用地址�q�算�W��?br>可以把一个�Ş式参量请求�ؓ寄存器变量�?/p>

void macho (register int n)

3.��h��代码块作用域的静态变�?br>静态变量像是一个不可变的变量�?br>但实际上�Q�静态指变量的的位置固定不动�?br>��h��文�g作用域的变量自动的具有静态存储时期�?br>也可以创建具有代码块作用域，兼具有静态存储的局部变量�?br>�q�些变量和自动变量具有相同的作用域，当包含这些变量的函数完成工作�Ӟ��它们�q�不消失�?br>从一�ơ函数调用到下一�ơ调用，计算机都记录着他们的倹{�?br>我们可以使用存储�c�说明符static在代码块内声明这些变量�?/p>

#include <stdio.h>
void trystat (void);
int main (void)
{
   int count;

   for (count = 1; count <= 3; count++)
   {
   printf ("Here comes iteration %d:\n", count);
   trystat ();
   }

   return 0;
}

void trystat (void)
{
   int fade = 1;
   static int stay = 1;

   printf ("fade = %d and stay = %d\n", fade++, stay++);
}

注意�Q?br>对函数参��C��能��用static�?br>4.��h��外部链接的静态变�?br>��h��外部链接的静态变量具有文件作用域、外部链接和静态存储时期�?br>�q�一�c�d��的变量成为外部变�?external variable�?br>把变量的定义声明攑֜�所有函��C��外，卛_��Z��一个外部变量�?br>��Z��使程序更加清晎ͼ�可以在��用外部变量的函数中通过使用extern关键字来再次声明它�?br>如果变量是在别的文�g中定义的�Q��用extern来声明该变量��是必须的�?/p>

int Errupt; //外部定义的变�?/span>
double Up[100]; //外部声明的数�l?/span>
extern char Coal; //必须的声明，因�ؓCoal在其它文件中定义

void next (void);
int main (void)
{
extern int Errupt;//可选的声明
extern double Up[];//可选的声明
}
void next (void)
{
}

注意�Q?br>不同于自动变量，如果您不对外部变量进行初始化�Q�他们将自动被赋初�?�?br>�q�一原则也适用于外部定义的数组�?/p>

5.��h��内部静态链接的静态变�?br>通过使用存储�c�说明符(注意不是静态变量声明符)static在所有函数的外部�q�行定义�Q�前面已�l�说�q�该变量为整个文件私�?/p>

�Q�这里不再讨论�?/p>

int traveler = 1; //外部链接
static int stayhome = 1; //内部链接

聂元�?/a> 2008-05-06 20:18 发表评论

存储�c�R��链接和内存��理(一)——作用域

Tue, 06 May 2008 10:21:00 GMT

存储�c�R��链接和内存��理
1.作用�?br>作用域描�q�C��E�序中可以访问一个标识符的一个或多个区域�?br>一个C变量的作用域可以是代码块作用域、函数原型作用域或者文件作用域�?br>代码块作用域
一个代码块是包含在开始花括号和对应的�l�束花括号之内的一�D�代码�?br>例如�Q�整个函��C��是一个代码块�?br>一个函数内的�Q一复合语句也是代码块�?br>在代码快中定义的变量��h��代码块作用域(block scope),从该变量被定义的地方到包含该定义的代码块的末��该变量均可�?/p>

�?br>另外�Q�函数的形式参数��管在函数的开始花括号前进行定义，也同样具有代码块作用�?�q�且属于包含函数体的代码块�?/p>

double blocky (double cleo)
{
   double patrick = 0.0;

   return patrick;
}

在上面这个例子中�Q�cleo和patrick都有知道�l�束花括��L��代码作用域�?/p>

在一个内部代码块中声明的变量�Q�其作用域只局限于该代码块�Q?/p>

double blocky (double cleo)
{
   double patrick = 0.0;
   int i;
   for (i=0; i < 10; i++)
   {
   double q = cleo * i; // q作用域的开�?/span>
   ……
   patrick *= q;
   }//q作用域的�l�束
   return patrick;
}

在这个例子中�Q�q的作用域被限制在内部代码块内�Q�只有该代码内的代码可以讉K��q�?br>C99允许在一个代码块中的��M��位置声明变量�Q��用之前请注意�~�译器能不能支持�?br>如，你可以这样声�?/p>

for (int i=0; i < 10; i++ )
{
printf ("A C99 feature: i=%d", i);
}

2.函数原型作用�?br>从变量定义处一直到原型声明的末��，�q�意味着�~�译器在处理一个函数原型的参数�Ӟ��它所兛_��的只是该参数的类型；您��

用的名字是无关紧要的�?/p>

int mighty (int mouse, double large);

3.文�g作用�?br>一个在所有函��C��外定义的变量��h��文�g作用�?(file scope)�?br>��h��文�g作用域的便狼从它定义处到包含该定义的文�g�l�尾处都是可见的�?/p>

#include <stdio.h>
int units = 0;//��h��文�g作用域的变量
void critic (void);
int main (void)
{
……
}

void critic (void)
{
……
}

�q�里�Q�变量units��h��文�g作用域，在main ()和critic ()中都可以使用它。因为它们可以在不止一个函��C��使用�Q�文件作用域变量也被�U�Cؓ全局变量(global varibale)�?/p>

4.goto
函数作用域只适用于goto语句使用的标�{�。函��C��用域意味着一个特定函��C��的goto标签对该函数中�Q何地方的代码都是可见的，无论该标�{�և�现在哪一个代码块中�?/p>

聂元�?/a> 2008-05-06 18:21 发表评论

字符串函�?�?

Tue, 06 May 2008 07:28:00 GMT

1.strncmp ()函数
strncmp ()函数可以比较到字�W�串的不同处�Q�也可以比较完由�W�三个参数指定的字符丌Ӏ?br>例如�Q�如果想搜烦�?#8221;astro”开头的字符�Ԍ��您可以限定搜索前5个字�W��?/p>

//使用strncmp ()函数
#include <stdio.h>
#inlcude <string.h>

#define LISTSIZE 5

int main (void)
{
   char * list[LISTSIZE] = {
   "astronomy", "astounding",
   "astrophysics", "ostracize",
   "asterism"
   };
   int count = 0;
   int i;

   for (i=0; i < LISTSIZE; i++)
   {
   if (strncmp (list[i], "astro", 5) == 0)
   {
   printf ("Found: %s\n", list[i]);
   count++;
   }
   }

   printf ("The list contained %d words beginning with astro.\n", count);

   return 0;
}

2.strcpy () 和strncpy ()函数
如果pts1和pts2都是指向字符串的指针�Q�则下面的表辑ּ�只复制字�W�串的地址而不是字�W�串本��n�?/p>

pts1 = pts2;

如果你确实希望复制字�W�串�Q�那么可以��用strcpy ()函数�?/p>

//copy1.c strcpy ()�C�Z��
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h> //声明strcpy ()函数
#define SIZE 40
#define LIM 5

int main (void)
{
   char qwords[LIM][SIZE];
   char temp[SIZE];
   int i = 0;

   printf ("Enter %d words beginning with q:\n", LIM);
   while (i < LIM && gets(temp))
   {
   if (temp[0] != 'q')
   {
   printf ("%s doesn't begin with q!\n", temp);
   }
   else
   {
   strcpy (qwords[i], temp);
   i++;
   }
   }
   puts ("Here are the words accepted:");
   for (i=0; i < LIM; i++)
   {
   puts (qwords[i]);
   }

   return 0;
}

��h��意只有当输入的单词通过了q判断�Q�计数值i才会增加�?br>�q�里使用了一个基于字�W�的判断

if (temp[0] != 'q')

�q�相当于

if (strncmp (temp, "q", 1) != 0)

注意在，strcpy 两个参数中，�W�二个参数temp指向的字�W�串被复制到�W�一个参数qword[i]所指向的数�l�中�?br>temp被称为源字符�Ԍ��qword被称为目标字�W�串�?br>��Z��么要�q�么设计�Q��ؓ什么不设计到前面？
如果注意到它和赋��D��句的��序一��P��目标在左边，��很�Ҏ��C��参数的顺序�?/p>

3.strcpy ()的其它特�?br>首先�Q�它是一个char *�c�d��Q�它�q�回的是�W�一个参数的倹{�?br>�W�二�Q�第一个参��C��需要指向数�l�的开始，�q�样��可以只复制数组的一部分�?/p>

//copy2.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#define WORDS "beast"
#define SIZE 40

int main (void)
{
   char *orig = WORDS;
   char copy[SIZE] = "Be the best that you can be.";
   char *ps;

   puts (orig);
   puts (copy);
   ps = strcpy (copy + 7, orig);
   puts (copy);
   puts (ps);

   return 0;
}

注意ps指向copy的第8个元素，�q�是因�ؓ�W�一个参数是copy + 7�?/p>

4. strncpy ()
strcpy ()的缺�Ҏ��而易见，它不��查目标字�W�串是否能容�U�_��下源字符丌Ӏ?br>strncpy ()会用�W�三个参数指明最大可复制的字�W�数�?/p>

//copy3.c strncpy ()�C�Z��
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h> //声明strcpy ()函数
#define SIZE 40
#define TARGSIZE 7
#define LIM 5

int main (void)
{
   char qwords[LIM][TARGSIZE];
   char temp[SIZE];
   int i = 0;

   printf ("Enter %d words beginning with q:\n", LIM);
   while (i < LIM && gets(temp))
   {
   if (temp[0] != 'q')
   {
   printf ("%s doesn't begin with q!\n", temp);
   }
   else
   {
   strncpy (qwords[i], temp, TARGSIZE - 1);
   qwords[i][TARGSIZE-1] = '\0';
   i++;
   }
   }
   puts ("Here are the words accepted:");
   for (i=0; i < LIM; i++)
   {
   puts (qwords[i]);
   }

   return 0;
}

注意�Q�在�q�里函数复制的字�W�串可能最后没有空字符�Q�所以你必须手动在最后放�|�一个空字符�Q�而且注意�q�里是复制n个字�W�过去，所以要留一个给�I�字�W?/p>

�Q�所以在�q�里是TARGSIZE - 1;

strncpy (qwords[i], temp, TARGSIZE - 1);
qwords[i][TARGSIZE-1] = '\0';

5.sprintf ()函数
sprintf ()函数是在stdio.h而不是在string.h中声明的�?br>它的作用和printf ()一��P��但是它写到字�W�串里而不是写到输出显�C��?br>它提供了把几个元素组合成一个字�W�串的一�U�途径�?br>sprintf ()的第一个参数是目标字符串地址�?/p>

//format.c
#include <stdio.h>
#define MAX 20

int main (void)
{
   char first[MAX];
   char last[MAX];
   char formal[2 * MAX + 10];
   double prize;

   puts ("Enter your first name: ");
   gets (first);
   puts ("Enter your last name: ");
   gets (last);
   puts ("Enter your prize money: ");
   scanf ("%1f", prize);
   sprintf (formal, "%s, %-19s: $%6.2f\n", last, first, prize);
   puts (formal);

   return 0;
}

6.其它字符串函�?/p>

char *strcpy (char * s1, const char * s2);

该函数把s2指向的字�W�串(包括�I�字�W?复制到s1指向的位�|�，�q�回值是s1�?/p>

char *strncpy (char * s1, const char *s2, size_t n);

该函数把s2指向的字�W�串(包括�I�字�W?复制到s1指向的位�|�，复制的字�W�数不超�q�n个。返回值是s1�?br>�I�字�W�后的字�W�串不被复制�?br>如果源字�W�串的字�W�数��于n个，在目标字�W�串中就以空字符填充�?br>如果源字�W�串的字�W�数大于或等于n个，�I�字�W�就不被复制。返回值是s1�?/p>

char *strcat (char *s1, const char *s2);

s2指向的字�W�串(包括�I�字�W?复制到s1指向的结��。复制过来的s2覆盖了s1的空字符。返回��gؓs1�?/p>

char *strncat (char *s1, const char *s2);

s2指向的字�W�串中的前n个字�W?包括�I�字�W?复制到s1指向的结��。复制过来的s2覆盖了s1的空字符�?br>s2字符串中的空字符及其后的��M��字符都不会被复制�Q��ƈ且追加一个空字符到所得结果后面�?br>�q�回��gؓs1�?/p>

int strcmp (const char *s1, const char *s2);

如果s1字符串在机器�~�码��序中落后于s2字符�Ԍ��函数的返回值是一个正敎ͼ�如果两个字符串相同，�q�回值是0;
如果�W�一个字�W�串在机器编码顺序中先于�W�二个字�W�串�Q�返回值是一个负数�?/p>

int strncmp (const char *s1, const char *s2);

该函��C��用和strcmp ()一��P��只是比较n个字�W�后或者遇见第一个空字符时会停止比较�?/p>

char *strchr (const char *s1, int c);

该函数返回一个指向字�W�串s中存攑֭��W�c的第一个位�|�的指针(标志�l�束的空字符是字�W�串的一部分�Q�因此也可以搜烦到它)�?br>如果没有扑ֈ�该字�W�，函数��p��回空指针�?/p>

char *strpbrk (const char *s1, const char *s2);

该函数返回一个指针，指向字符串s1中存放s2字符串的��M��字符的第一个位�|�。如果没有找到该字符。如果没扑ֈ��M��字符�Q�返回空指针�?/p>

char *strrchr (const char * s, int c);

该函数返回一个指针，指向字符串s中字�W�c最后一�ơ出现的地方�?标志�l�束的空字符是字�W�串的一部分�Q�因此也可以搜烦到它)�?br>如果没有扑ֈ�该字�W�，函数��p��回空指针�?/p>

char *strstr (const char *s1, const char *s2)

该函数返回一个指针，指向s1字符串中�W�一�ơ出现s2字符串的地方。如果在s1中没扑ֈ�s2字符�Ԍ��函数��p��回空指针�?/p>

size_t strlen (const char *s);

�q�回字符串的长度�?/p>

��单应用：
在用fgets ()函数�Ӟ��d��一行输入，�q�个函数把换行符存储到目标字�W�串中�?br>我们可以使用strchr ()函数来用一个空字符替换�q�个换行�W��?/p>

char line [80];
char * find;

fgets (line, 80, stdin);
find = strchr (line, '\n');
if (find)
{
*find = '\0';
}

聂元�?/a> 2008-05-06 15:28 发表评论

字符串函�?�?

Tue, 06 May 2008 06:10:00 GMT

字符串函�?�?
1.标准库中fgets ()�?fputs ()的实现基本算�?/p>

// fgets ()函数:从iop指向的文件中最多读取n-1个字�W�，再加上一个NULL
char *fgets (char *s, int n, FILE *iop)
{
   register int c;
   register char *cs;

   cs = s;
   while (--n > 0 && (c = getc(iop)) != EOF)
   {
   if ((*cs++ = c) == '\n')
   {
   break;
   }
   }
   *cs = '\0';

   return (c == EOF && cs == s) ? NULL : s;
}

// fputs 函数:��字�W�串s输出到iop指向的文件中
int fputs (char *s, FILE *iop)
{
   int c;

   while (c = *s++)
   {
   putc (c, iop);
   }

   return ferror(iop) ? EOF : 非负�?
}

聂元�?/a> 2008-05-06 14:10 发表评论

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搬家了，呵呵 http://www.cnblogs.com/k7_1983/

���译-C++最���单的windows�E�序 The Simplest Windows Program

书上的练�?随机�?龟兔赛跑

Feedicons 2

指针一——基本用法和一些需要清楚的概念

存储�c�R��链接和内存���理(�?——volatile和restrict

存储�c�R��链接和内存���理(一)——作用域

字符串函�?�?

字符串函�?�?

��译-C++最��单的windows�E�序 The Simplest Windows Program

存储�c�R��链接和内存��理(�?——volatile和restrict

存储�c�R��链接和内存��理(一)——作用域