涓銆?/span>cpu鐨勫熀鏈姛鑳藉拰緇撴瀯
1. 鍩烘湰緇勬垚錛歱c錛孖R錛宮ar錛宮dr錛宲sw錛岄氱敤瀵勫瓨鍣ㄣ?/span>
2. 鍔熻兘錛氭寚浠ゆ帶鍒訛紝鏃墮棿鎺у埗錛屾搷浣滄帶鍒訛紝鏁版嵁鍔犲伐錛屼腑鏂鐞嗐?/span>
浜屻?/span>鎸囦護鎵ц榪囩▼錛?/span>
1. 鍙栨寚寰搷浣滐細
①銆PC--->MAR;
②銆l--->R;
③銆M(MAR)--->MDR;
④銆MDR--->IR;
⑤銆OP(IR)--->CU;
⑥銆(PC)+1--->PC;
2. 闂存寚寰搷浣?/span>
①銆Ad錛圛R錛?-->MAR;
②銆L--->R;
③銆M(MAR)--->MDR;
3. 鎵ц
4. 涓柇寰搷浣滐細鍋囪閲囩敤紜歡鍚戦噺涓柇鏈嶅姟紼嬪簭鍏ュ彛鍦板潃錛屽茍鐢ㄥ爢鏍堜繚鎶ょ▼搴忔柇鐐癸紙鍋囪榪涙爤鎿嶄綔鏄厛淇敼鎸囬拡錛屽悗瀛樻斁鏁版嵁錛?/span>
①銆錛圫P錛?1--->MAR;
②銆L--->W
③銆PC--->MDR
④銆MDR--->M(MAR);
⑤銆鍚戦噺鍦板潃---->PC
⑥銆鐢辯‖浠朵腑鏂悜閲忓厑璁歌Е鍙戝櫒EINT涓?錛涳紙鍏充腑鏂級
涓夈?/span>鏁版嵁閫氳礬鐨勫姛鑳藉拰鍩烘湰緇撴瀯
1. CPU鍐呴儴鎬葷嚎鏂瑰紡
2. 涓撶敤閫氳礬鏂瑰紡
鍥涖?/span>鎺у埗鍣ㄧ殑鍔熻兘浠ュ強宸ヤ綔鍘熺悊
1. 鏃跺簭鎺у埗鏂瑰紡錛氬悓姝ユ帶鍒舵柟寮忥紙閲囩敤瀹屽叏緇熶竴鐨勬満鍣ㄨ妭鎷嶏紝閲囩敤涓嶅悓鑺傛媿鐨勬満鍣ㄥ懆鏈燂紝涓ぎ鎺у埗鍜屽眬閮ㄦ帶鍒舵柟寮忥級銆佸紓姝ユ帶鍒舵柟寮忓拰鑱斿悎鎺у埗鏂瑰紡銆?/span>
2. 鎺у埗鍣細紜竷綰挎帶鍒跺櫒鍜屽井鎿嶄綔鎸囦護鎺у埗鍣ㄣ?/span>
3. 寰寚浠ょ殑緙栫爜鏂瑰紡錛氱洿鎺ョ紪鐮侊紝瀛楁鐩存帴緙栫爜錛屽瓧孌墊販鍚堢紪鐮併?/span>
浜斻?/span>鎸囦護嫻佹按綰?/span>
1. 鎸囦護嫻佹按綰跨殑鍩烘湰姒傚康錛氭敼鍙樺悇鏉℃寚浠ゆ寜鐓ч『搴忔墽琛岀殑瑙勫垯錛屼嬌鏈哄櫒鍦ㄦ墽琛屼笂涓鏉℃寚浠ょ殑鍚屾椂錛屽彇鍑轟笅涓鏉℃寚浠ゃ?/span>
2. 褰卞搷嫻佹按綰跨殑鍥犵礌錛氱粨鏋勭浉鍏籌紝鏁版嵁鐩稿叧錛岀▼搴忕浉鍏熾?/span>
3. 瓚呮爣閲忓拰鍔ㄦ佹祦姘寸嚎鎶鏈細瓚呮爣閲忥紝瓚呮祦姘達紝瓚呴暱鎸囦護瀛楋紝鍔ㄦ佹祦姘寸嚎銆?/span>
1. 鎸囦護鏍煎紡
1) 鎸囦護鐨勫熀鏈牸寮忥細鎿嶄綔鐮侊紝鍦板潃鐮侊紙瀵誨潃鏂瑰紡鍜屽艦寮忓湴鍧錛?/span>
2) 瀹氶暱鎿嶄綔鐮?/span>
3) 鎵╁睍鎿嶄綔鐮?/span>
2. 鎸囦護鐨勫鍧鏂瑰紡
1) 绔嬪嵆瀵誨潃
2) 鐩存帴瀵誨潃
3) 闅愬惈瀵誨潃錛堥殣鍚鍧鐨勬搷浣滄暟鍚湪鎿嶄綔鐮佷腑錛?/span>
4) 闂存帴瀵誨潃
5) 瀵勫瓨鍣ㄥ鍧
6) 瀵勫瓨鍣ㄩ棿鎺ュ鍧
7) 鍩哄潃瀵誨潃錛氬熀鍧瀵勫瓨鍣ㄥ彲浠ョ敤涓撶敤鐨勫熀鍧瀵勫瓨鍣紝涔熷彲浠ラ噰鐢ㄩ氱敤鐨勫瘎瀛樺櫒錛屽熀鍧瀵勫瓨鍣ㄧ殑鍐呭鐢辨搷浣滅郴緇熷拰綆$悊紼嬪簭紜畾錛屾搷浣滆繃紼嬩腑錛屽艦寮忓湴鍧鍙彉錛屽熀鍧涓嶅彉銆?/span>
8) 鍙樺潃瀵誨潃錛氬彉鍧瀵勫瓨鍣ㄥ彲浠ユ槸涓撶敤鐨勫彉鍧瀵勫瓨鍣紝涔熷彲浠ユ槸閫氱敤鐨勫瘎瀛樺櫒銆傚湪紼嬪簭鐨勬墽琛岃繃紼嬩腑錛屽彉鍧瀵勫瓨鍣ㄥ彲鍙橈紝褰㈠紡鍦板潃涓嶅彉錛屼究浜庡鐞嗘暟緇勯棶棰樸?/span>
9) 鐩稿瀵誨潃錛氱敱PC鍜屽艦寮忓湴鍧A緇欏嚭錛岀壒鐐規槸A鐨勪綅鏁板喅瀹氭搷浣滄暟鐨勫鍧鑼冨洿錛屼究浜庣▼搴忕殑嫻姩錛屽箍娉涚敤浜庤漿縐葷被鎸囦護銆?/span>
3. CISC鍜孯ISC鐨勫尯鍒?/span>
RISC鐨勪富瑕佺壒鐐規槸錛?/span>
1) 閫夊彇浣跨敤棰戝害杈冮珮鐨勭畝鍗曟寚浠わ紝澶嶆潅鎸囦護鐨勫姛鑳界敱綆鍗曟寚浠ょ鍚堣屾垚銆?/span>
2) 鎸囦護闀垮害鍥哄畾錛岀綾誨皯錛屽鍧鏂瑰紡灝戙?/span>
3) 鍙湁LOAD鍜孲TORE鎸囦護璁塊棶瀛樺偍鍣紝鍏朵綑鎸囦護鐨勬搷浣滈兘鍦ㄥ瘎瀛樺櫒涔嬮棿銆?/span>
4) CPU涓湁澶氫釜閫氱敤瀵勫瓨鍣ㄣ?/span>
5) 鎺у埗鍣ㄩ噰鐢ㄧ粍鍚堥昏緫鎺у埗銆?/span>
6) 閲囩敤嫻佹按鎶鏈紝澶ч儴鍒嗘寚浠ゅ湪涓涓椂閽熷懆鏈熷唴瀹屾垚銆?/span>
7) 閲囩敤浼樺寲鐨勭紪璇戠▼搴忋?/span>
1. 鍩烘湰姒傚康
1) 鐙珛緙栧潃鍜岀粺涓緙栧潃浠ュ強璁塊棶鐨勬柟寮忓尯鍒?/span>
2) 璁$畻鏈虹郴緇熺殑澶栧洿璁懼錛氳緭鍏ヨ緭鍑鴻澶囷紝浠ュ強澶栧瓨鍌ㄥ櫒
3) 璁$畻鏈轟腑鐨勪覆騫惰鐗圭偣浠ュ強杞崲鏂瑰紡
4) 閫氶亾鏄竴縐嶅鐞嗘満銆?/span>
2. 澶栭儴璁懼
1) 杈撳叆璁懼錛氶敭鐩橈紝榧犳爣
2) 杈撳嚭璁懼錛氭墦鍗版満錛屾樉紺哄櫒
3) 瀛樺偍璁懼
①銆紜洏瀛樺偍鍣細鍥哄畾紓佸ご錛岀Щ鍔ㄧ澶達紱鍙崲紓佺洏鍜屽浐瀹氱鐩?/span>
②銆紓佺洏闃靛垪錛氭暟鎹湪鐗╃悊鐩樹氦鍙夊瓨鍌紝鏈夊茍琛屽害銆?/span>
3. I/O鎺ュ彛
1) 鍩烘湰鍔熻兘鍜屽熀鏈粨鏋?/span>
①銆鎺у埗
②銆緙撳瓨
③銆瀵誨潃
④銆鐘舵?/span>
⑤銆涓柇
2) I/O绔彛鍙婂叾緙栧潃
3) I/O鍦板潃絀洪棿鍙婂叾緙栫爜
4. I/O鏂瑰紡
1) 紼嬪簭鏌ヨ鏂瑰紡
2) 紼嬪簭涓柇鏂瑰紡
①銆榪涘叆涓柇鍛ㄦ湡錛屼繚鎶ゆ柇鐐癸紝瀵誨潃錛屽叧涓柇銆傦紙鐢變腑鏂殣鎸囦護瀹屾垚錛?/span>
②銆淇濇姢鐜板満
③銆涓柇鏈嶅姟
④銆鎭㈠鐜板満
⑤銆涓柇榪斿洖銆?/span>
鑻ュ厑璁稿閲嶄腑鏂紝鍦ㄤ繚鎶ょ幇鍦轟箣鍚庯紝寮涓柇銆?/span>
3) DMA鏂瑰紡
①銆棰勫鐞嗭細鍒濆鍖朌MA鎺у埗鍣ㄧ殑瀵勫瓨鍣?/span>
②銆鏁版嵁浼犻?/span>
③銆鍚庡鐞嗭細閲囩敤涓柇鏈嶅姟紼嬪簭錛屾楠岄佸叆涓誨瓨鐨勬暟鎹槸鍚︽紜紝嫻嬭瘯浼犻佽繃紼嬩腑鏄惁鍑洪敊錛屾槸鍚︾戶緇嬌鐢―MA浼犻佸叾浠栨暟鎹?/span>
4) 閫氶亾鏂瑰紡錛氬瓧鑺傚璺氶亾錛岄夋嫨閫氶亾錛屾暟緇勫璺氶亾銆?/span>
①銆鎺ュ彈cpu鐨処/O鎸囦護錛屾寜瑕佹眰鍚姩鍋滄澶栬
②銆鎵ц閫氶亾鎸囦護
③銆緇勭粐澶栬涓庡唴瀛樹箣闂寸殑鏁版嵁浼犻?/span>
④銆鍚慍PU鎶ュ憡澶栬鐨勭姸鎬佷俊鎭拰涓柇淇℃伅銆?/span>
1. 鎬葷嚎姒傝堪錛氭蹇墊ч棶棰?/span>
2. 鎬葷嚎浠茶
1) 闆嗕腑寮忎徊瑁?/span>
①銆閾懼紡浠茶鏂瑰紡錛氾紙BR錛孊G錛孊S錛変竴鏉★紝錛堢數璺晠闅滄晱鎰燂級
②銆璁℃暟鍣ㄤ徊瑁佹柟寮忥細錛堜紭鍏堢駭闂錛?/span>
③銆鐙珛璇鋒眰鏂瑰紡錛堜紭鍏堢駭鏈涓虹伒媧伙級
2) 鍒嗗竷寮忎徊瑁?/span>
3. 鎬葷嚎閫氫俊涓庢搷浣?/span>
1) 鍚屾閫氫俊錛氭湁鍏叡濮嬬粓
2) 寮傛閫氫俊錛氫簰閿佹柟寮忥紙涓変腑錛?/span>
3) 鍗婂悓姝ユ柟寮忥紙鍚屾涓庡紓姝ョ殑鎶樿》錛?/span>
4) 鍒嗙寮忔柟寮忥紙鍒嗕負涓や釜瀛愬懆鏈燂級
4. 鎬葷嚎鏍囧噯
1) RS-232鏍囧噯錛堜覆琛屾爣鍑嗭級
2) USB鏍囧噯錛堥摼鎺ユ樉紺哄櫒錛岄紶鏍囷紝閿洏錛屽彲榪涜涓茶仈錛?/span>
3) PCI 鏍囧噯錛堥噰鐢ㄤ績鍙戞柟寮忎紶閫侊級
4) AGP鎬葷嚎錛堥熺巼鏈楂橈級
1. 瀛樺偍鍣ㄧ殑鍒嗙被錛?/span>
1) 鎸夌収瀛樺彇鏂瑰紡錛屽瓨鍌ㄥ櫒鍙互鍒嗕負闅忔満瀛樺彇瀛樺偍鍣紝涓茶瀛樺偍鍣紝鍙瀛樺偍鍣ㄣ?/span>
2) U鐩樺睘浜庨殢鏈哄瓨鍌ㄥ櫒
3) RAM鍜孯OM灞炰簬闅忔満瀛樺偍鍣?/span>
4) 紓佺洏灞炰簬閮ㄥ垎涓茶瀛樺偍鍣ㄣ?/span>
5) 瀛樺偍鍗曞厓鏄渶灝忕殑鍙互鐙珛瀵誨潃鐨勫崟鍏冦?/span>
2. 瀛樺偍鍣ㄧ殑灞傛緇撴瀯
1) 紼嬪簭鐨勫眬閮ㄦу師鐞?/span>
2) 澶氱駭緇撴瀯鎴栬呬笁綰х粨鏋?/span>
3) 鍒嗗眰鏄負浜嗚В鍐沖瓨鍌ㄥ閲忥紝瀛樺偍閫熷害鍜屼環鏍間箣闂寸殑鐭涚浘銆?/span>
3. 鍗婂浣撻殢鏈哄瓨鍙栧瓨鍌ㄥ櫒錛氾紙鎺у埗鐢佃礬OE錛孋E錛學E錛夛紝鍒鋒柊鏂瑰紡錛屾瘮杈?/span>
1) SRAM鍜孌RAM瀛樺偍鍣ㄥ師鐞?/span>
①銆璇誨嚭鍘熺悊錛歋RAM涓鴻Е鍙戝櫒錛孌RAM涓虹數瀹?/span>
②銆鐮村潖鎬ц鍑猴細SRAM闈烇紝DRAM鏄?/span>
③銆闇瑕佸埛鏂幫細SRAM鍚︼紝DRAM鏄紙闆嗕腑寮忥紝鍒嗘暎寮忥紝寮傛寮忥級
④銆閫佽鍒楀湴鍧錛歋RAM鏄紝DRAM鍒嗕袱嬈¢佸叆
⑤銆榪愯閫熷害錛歋RAM蹇紝DRAM鎱?/span>
⑥銆闆嗘垚搴︼細SRAM浣庯紝DRAM楂?/span>
⑦銆鍙戠儹閲忥細SRAM澶э紝DRAM灝?/span>
⑧銆瀛樺偍鎴愭湰錛歋RAM澶э紝DRAM灝忥紝
2) 鍙紪紼嬬殑ROM錛堝垎涓ょ錛屼竴縐嶆槸鍙紪紼嬶紝鍙﹀涓縐嶆槸涓嶈兘緙栫▼鐨勶級
①銆鎺╂āROM錛圡ROM錛夛細鐢熶駭鑺墖鏃訛紝涓嬈″啓鍏?/span>
②銆涓嬈″彲緙栫▼ROM錛圥ROM錛夛細鐔斾笣鐑ф柇錛屽啓鍏?/span>
③銆鍙摝闄OM錛圗PROM錛夛細绱綰匡紝嫻姩鏍呮硠婕忕數鑽鳳紙鎿﹂櫎鎵鏈変俊鎭紝涓嶆槸闅忔満瀛樺彇瀛樺偍鍣級
④銆鐢靛彲鎿﹂櫎鍙紪紼婻O錛圗EPROM錛夛細鐢墊摝闄わ紙鍙摝鍑哄浐瀹氱殑涓浣嶏紝鏄殢鏈哄瓨鍙栧瓨鍌ㄥ櫒錛?/span>
⑤銆蹇摝闄よ鍐欏瓨鍌ㄥ櫒錛團lash Memory錛夛細鐢墊摝闄?/span>
淇℃伅涓嶈兘鏇存敼錛歁ROM錛孭ROM
淇℃伅鍙互鏇存敼錛欵PROM錛堝叏閮ㄦ摝闄わ紝閲嶆柊鍐欏叆錛夛紝EEPROM錛堝鐗瑰畾浣嶅啓鍏ワ級錛孎lash錛堝彲浠ユ寜鐓у瓧鑺傦紝鍖哄潡錛岄〉闈㈣繘琛屾摝闄ゅ拰鍐欏叆錛夛紱
4. 涓誨瓨鍌ㄥ櫒涓巆pu 鐨勯摼鎺?/span>
1) 鍦板潃綰匡紝鎺у埗綰匡紝鏁版嵁綰?/span>
2) 瀹歸噺->閫嗘潈灞曞紑浜岃繘鍒?>鍦板潃綰垮厛鏉℃暟錛圓0---An錛?/span>
5. 鍙屽彛RAM涓庡妯″潡瀛樺偍鍣?/span>
1) 鍙屽彛RAM錛屾嫢鏈変袱涓嫭绔嬬殑璇誨啓鐢佃礬錛屽綋鍚屾椂璁塊棶鍚屼竴鍐呭瓨鍗曞厓鏃訛紝鍙戠敓鍐茬獊銆?/span>
2) 澶氭ā鍧椾氦鍙夊瓨鍌ㄥ櫒
①銆楂樹綅浜ゅ弶瀛樺偍鍣紙欏哄簭瀛樺偍鍣級楂樹綅浣滀負浣撳彿錛屽湴浣嶄負鍐呴儴鍦板潃
②銆浣庝綅浜ゅ弶瀛樺偍鍣細鍙互瀹炵幇嫻佹按綰夸綔涓氥傦紙鍦頒綅浣滀負浣撳彿錛岄珮浣嶄負鍐呴儴鍦板潃錛?/span>
6. 楂橀熺紦鍐插瓨鍌ㄥ櫒
1) Cache鐨勫伐浣滃師鐞?/span>
①銆紼嬪簭璁塊棶鐨勫眬閮ㄦу師鐞?/span>
②銆Cpu璁塊棶涓誨瓨錛屾湁鍛戒腑鍜屼笉鍛戒腑涓ょ鎯呭喌
2) Cache鍜屼富瀛樼殑鏄犲皠鏂瑰紡
3) Cache鍜屼富瀛樼殑鏇挎崲綆楁硶
4) Cache鍐欑瓥鐣?/span>
7. 铏氭嫙瀛樺偍鍣?/span>
1) 铏氭嫙瀛樺偍鍣ㄧ殑姒傚康
2) 欏靛紡铏氭嫙瀛樺偍鍣?/span>
3) 孌靛紡铏氭嫙瀛樺偍鍣?/span>
4) 孌甸〉寮忚櫄鎷熷瓨鍌ㄥ櫒
5) TLB蹇〃錛氭參琛ㄦ槸閫氳繃鍦板潃璁塊棶鐨勶紱TLB鐩歌仈瀛樺偍鍣ㄦ槸閫氳繃鍐呭璁塊棶鐨勩?/span>
1. 鏁板埗涓庣紪鐮?/span>
1) 榪涗綅璁℃暟鍒訛細鎸夌収浣嶆潈灞曞紑
①銆浜岃繘鍒?/span>
②銆鍏繘鍒?/span>
③銆鍗佸叚榪涘埗
④銆鍗佽繘鍒?/span>
2) 鐪熷間笌鏈哄櫒鏁?/span>
3) BCD鐮?/span>
①銆鏈夋潈鐮?/span>
②銆鏃犳潈鐮?/span>
4) 瀛楃涓庡瓧絎︿覆
①銆瀛楃錛欰SCII鐮?/span>
②銆瀛楃涓?/span>
5) 鏍¢獙鐮侊細
①銆濂囧伓鏍¢獙鐮?/span>
②銆寰幆鏍¢獙鐮?/span>
③銆姹夋槑鐮?/span>
2. 瀹氱偣鏁扮殑琛ㄧず涓庤繍綆?/span>
1) 瀹氱偣鏁扮殑琛ㄧず
①銆鏃犵鍙鋒暟琛ㄧず
②銆鍘熺爜
③銆鍙嶇爜
④銆琛ョ爜
⑤銆縐葷爜
2) 瀹氱偣鏁扮殑榪愮畻
①銆瀹氱偣鏁扮殑縐諱綅榪愮畻
②銆鍘熺爜鍔犲噺榪愮畻
③銆琛ョ爜鍔犲噺榪愮畻
④銆婧㈠嚭鍙婂叾媯嫻?/span>
⑤銆瀹氱偣鏁扮殑涔橀櫎榪愮畻
3. 嫻偣鏁扮殑琛ㄨ堪鍜岃繍綆?/span>
1) 嫻偣鏁扮殑琛ㄧず
①銆琛ㄧず鏂規硶
②銆琛ㄧず鏍囧噯
2) 嫻偣鏁扮殑榪愮畻錛氬姞鍑忚繍綆?/span>
4. 綆楁湳榪愮畻閫昏緫
1) 涓茶鍔犳硶鍣ㄤ笌騫惰鍔犳硶鍣?/span>
2) 鍩烘湰閫昏緫閮ㄤ歡
3) 澶氬姛鑳界畻鏈昏緫閮ㄤ歡
1. 璁$畻鏈哄彂灞曞巻紼?/span>
1) 紜歡鍙戝睍鍘嗙▼
①銆絎竴浠h綆楁満錛氱數瀛愮鏃朵唬
②銆絎簩浠h綆楁満錛氭櫠浣撶鏃朵唬
③銆絎笁浠h綆楁満錛氫腑灝忚妯¢泦鎴愮數璺?/span>
④銆絎洓浠h綆楁満錛氳秴澶ц妯¢泦鎴愮數璺?/span>
2) 杞歡鍙戝睍鍘嗙▼
①銆闈㈠悜鏈哄櫒鐨勮璦錛屾眹緙栬璦錛岄潰鍚戝璞$殑璇█錛?/span>
②銆dos鎿嶄綔緋葷粺錛岃紿楁搷浣滅郴緇?/span>
3) 璁$畻鏈哄簲鐢?/span>
4) 宸ヤ笟鎺у埗錛岀綉緇滄暀鑲層?/span>
2. 璁$畻鏈虹郴緇熷眰嬈$粨鏋?/span>
1) 璁$畻鏈虹殑緇勬垚錛氳繍綆楀櫒錛屾帶鍒跺櫒錛屽瓨鍌ㄥ櫒錛岃緭鍏ヨ澶囷紝杈撳嚭璁懼
2) 灞傛緇撴瀯錛氭暟瀛楅昏緫灞傦紝寰綋緋葷粨鏋勫眰錛屾寚浠ょ郴緇熷眰錛屾搷浣滅郴緇熷眰錛屾眹緙栬璦灞傦紝楂樼駭璇█灞傘?/span>
3) 鍐渚濇浖鏈虹壒鐐?/span>
3. 鎬ц兘鎸囨爣
1) 鏈哄櫒瀛楅暱
2) 瀛樺偍瀹歸噺