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鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氫竴鑸漢鍥炵瓟榪欎釜闂榪囦簬騫沖父錛屽彧璇村鍚嶃佸勾榫勩佺埍濂姐?a target="_blank">宸ヤ綔緇?
楠岋紝榪欎簺鍦ㄧ畝鍘嗕笂閮芥湁錛屽叾瀹烇紝浼佷笟鏈甯屾湜鐭ラ亾鐨勬槸姹傝亴鑰呰兘鍚﹁儨浠誨伐浣滐紝鍖呮嫭錛氭渶寮虹殑鎶鑳姐佹渶娣卞叆鐮旂┒鐨勭煡璇嗛鍩熴佷釜鎬т腑鏈縐瀬鐨勯儴鍒嗐佸仛榪囩殑鏈鎴愬姛鐨勪簨錛?
涓昏鐨勬垚灝辯瓑錛岃繖浜涢兘鍙互鍜屽涔犳棤鍏籌紝涔熷彲浠ュ拰瀛︿範鏈夊叧錛屼絾瑕佺獊鍑虹Н鏋佺殑涓у拰鍋氫簨鐨勮兘鍔涳紝璇村緱鍚堟儏鍚堢悊浼佷笟鎵嶄細鐩鎬俊銆備紒涓氬緢閲嶈涓涓漢鐨勭ぜ璨岋紝姹傝亴鑰呰
灝婇噸鑰冨畼錛屽湪鍥炵瓟姣忎釜闂涔嬪悗閮借涓鍙?#8220;璋㈣阿”銆備紒涓氬枩嬈㈡湁紺艱矊鐨勬眰鑱岃呫?br>2銆佷綘瑙夊緱浣犱釜鎬т笂鏈澶х殑浼樼偣鏄粈涔堬紵
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氭矇鐫鍐烽潤銆佹潯鐞嗘竻妤氥佺珛鍦哄潥瀹氥侀〗寮哄悜涓娿?br>涔愪簬鍔╀漢鍜屽叧蹇冧粬浜恒侀傚簲鑳藉姏鍜屽菇榛樻劅銆佷箰瑙傚拰鍙嬬埍銆傛垜鍦ㄥ寳澶ч潚楦熺粡榪囦竴鍒頒袱騫寸殑鍩硅鍙婇」鐩疄鎴橈紝鍔犱笂瀹炰範宸ヤ綔錛屼嬌鎴戦傚悎榪欎喚宸ヤ綔銆傛垜鐩鎬俊鎴戣兘鎴愬姛銆?br>3銆佽璇翠綘鏈澶х殑緙虹偣錛?br>
鍥?
絳旀彁紺猴細榪欎釜闂浼佷笟闂殑姒傜巼寰堝ぇ錛岄氬父涓嶅笇鏈涘惉鍒扮洿鎺ュ洖絳旂殑緙虹偣鏄粈涔堢瓑錛屽鏋滄眰鑱岃呰鑷繁灝忓績鐪箋佺埍蹇屽浜恒侀潪甯告噿銆佽劸姘斿ぇ銆佸伐浣滄晥鐜囦綆錛屼紒涓氳偗瀹氫笉
浼氬綍鐢ㄤ綘銆傜粷瀵逛笉瑕佽嚜浣滆仾鏄庡湴鍥炵瓟“鎴戞渶澶х殑緙虹偣鏄繃浜庤拷姹傚畬緹?#8221;錛屾湁鐨勪漢浠ヤ負榪欐牱鍥炵瓟浼氭樉寰楄嚜宸辨瘮杈冨嚭鑹詫紝浣嗕簨瀹炰笂錛屼粬宸茬粡宀岃姩鍙嵄浜嗐備紒涓氬枩嬈㈡眰鑱岃?
浠庤嚜宸辯殑浼樼偣璇磋搗錛屼腑闂村姞涓浜涘皬緙虹偣錛屾渶鍚庡啀鎶婇棶棰樿漿鍥炲埌浼樼偣涓婏紝紿佸嚭浼樼偣鐨勯儴鍒嗐備紒涓氬枩嬈㈣仾鏄庣殑姹傝亴鑰呫?br>4銆佷綘瀵瑰姞鐝殑鐪嬫硶錛?br>
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氬疄闄呬笂濂藉鍏徃闂繖涓棶棰橈紝騫朵笉璇佹槑涓瀹氳鍔犵彮銆?鍙槸鎯蟲祴璇曚綘鏄惁鎰挎剰涓哄叕鍙稿鐚?br>鍥炵瓟鏍鋒湰錛氬鏋滄槸宸ヤ綔闇瑕佹垜浼氫箟涓嶅杈炲姞鐝傛垜鐜板湪鍗曡韓錛屾病鏈変換浣曞搴礋鎷咃紝鍙互鍏ㄨ韓蹇冪殑鎶曞叆宸ヤ綔銆備絾鍚屾椂錛屾垜涔熶細鎻愰珮宸ヤ綔鏁堢巼錛屽噺灝戜笉蹇呰鐨勫姞鐝?br>5銆佷綘瀵硅柂璧勭殑瑕佹眰錛?br>
鍥?
絳旀彁紺猴細濡傛灉浣犲钖叕鐨勮姹傚お浣庯紝閭f樉鐒惰船浣庤嚜宸辯殑鑳藉姏錛涘鏋滀綘瀵硅柂閰殑瑕佹眰澶珮錛岄偅鍙堜細鏄懼緱浣犲垎閲忚繃閲嶏紝鍏徃鍙楃敤涓嶈搗銆備竴浜涢泧涓婚氬父閮戒簨鍏堝姹傝仒鐨勮亴浣?
瀹氫笅寮鏀綆楋紝鍥犺屼粬浠涓嬈℃彁鍑虹殑浠烽挶寰寰鏄粬浠墍鑳界粰浜堢殑鏈楂樹環閽便備粬浠棶浣犲彧涓嶈繃鎯寵瘉瀹炰竴涓嬭繖絎旈挶鏄惁瓚充互寮曡搗浣犲璇ュ伐浣滅殑鍏磋叮銆?br>鍥炵瓟鏍鋒湰涓錛?#8220;鎴戝宸ヨ祫娌℃湁紜ц姹傘傛垜鐩鎬俊璐靛叕鍙稿湪澶勭悊鎴戠殑闂涓婁細鍙嬪杽鍚堢悊銆傛垜娉ㄩ噸鐨勬槸鎵懼宸ヤ綔鏈轟細錛屾墍浠ュ彧瑕佹潯浠跺叕騫籌紝鎴戝垯涓嶄細璁¤緝澶
鍥炵瓟鏍鋒湰浜岋細鎴戝彈榪囩郴緇熺殑杞歡緙栫▼鐨勮緇冿紝涓嶉渶瑕佽繘琛屽ぇ閲忕殑鍩硅銆傝屼笖鎴戞湰浜轟篃瀵圭紪紼嬬壒鍒劅鍏磋叮銆傚洜姝わ紝鎴戝笇鏈涘叕鍙歌兘鏍規嵁鎴戠殑鎯呭喌鍜屽競鍦烘爣鍑嗙殑姘村鉤錛岀粰鎴戝悎鐞嗙殑钖按銆?br>鍥炵瓟鏍鋒湰涓夛細濡傛灉浣犲繀欏昏嚜宸辮鍑哄叿浣撴暟鐩紝璇蜂笉瑕佽涓涓娉涚殑鑼冨洿錛岄偅鏍蜂綘灝嗗彧鑳藉緱鍒版渶浣庨檺搴︾殑鏁板瓧銆傛渶濂界粰鍑轟竴涓叿浣撶殑鏁板瓧錛岃繖鏍瘋〃鏄庝綘宸茬粡瀵瑰綋浠婄殑浜烘墠甯傚満浣滀簡璋冩煡錛岀煡閬撳儚鑷繁榪欐牱瀛﹀巻鐨勯泧鍛樻湁浠涔堟牱鐨勪環鍊箋?br>6銆佸湪浜斿勾鐨勬椂闂村唴錛屼綘鐨勮亴涓氳鍒掞紵
鍥?
絳旀彁紺猴細榪欐槸姣忎竴涓簲鑱樿呴兘涓嶅笇鏈涜闂埌鐨勯棶棰橈紝浣嗘槸鍑犱箮姣忎釜浜洪兘浼氳闂埌銆傛瘮杈冨鐨勭瓟妗堟槸“綆$悊鑰?#8221;銆備絾鏄繎鍑犲勾鏉ワ紝璁稿鍏徃閮藉凡緇忓緩绔嬩簡涓撻棬鐨勬妧鏈?
寰勩傝繖浜涘伐浣滃湴浣嶅線寰琚О浣?#8220;欏鵑棶”銆?#8220;鍙傝鎶甯?#8221;鎴?#8220;楂樼駭杞歡宸ョ▼甯?#8221;絳夌瓑銆傚綋鐒訛紝璇村嚭鍏朵粬涓浜涗綘鎰熷叴瓚g殑鑱屼綅涔熸槸鍙互鐨勶紝姣斿浜у搧閿鍞儴緇忕悊錛岀敓浜ч儴
緇忕悊絳変竴浜涗笌浣犵殑涓撲笟鏈夌浉鍏寵儗鏅殑宸ヤ綔銆傝鐭ラ亾錛岃冨畼鎬繪槸鍠滄鏈夎繘鍙栧績鐨勫簲鑱樿咃紝姝ゆ椂濡傛灉璇?#8220;涓嶇煡閬?#8221;錛屾垨璁稿氨浼氫嬌浣犱撫澶變竴涓ソ鏈轟細銆傛渶鏅氱殑鍥炵瓟搴旇鏄?
“鎴戝噯澶囧湪鎶鏈鍩熸湁鎵浣滀負”鎴?#8220;鎴戝笇鏈涜兘鎸夌収鍏徃鐨勭鐞嗘濊礬鍙戝睍”銆?br>7銆佷綘鏈嬪弸瀵逛綘鐨勮瘎浠鳳紵
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛?鎯充粠渚ч潰浜嗚В涓涓嬩綘鐨勬ф牸鍙婁笌浜虹浉澶勭殑闂銆?br>鍥炵瓟鏍鋒湰錛?#8220;鎴戠殑鏈嬪弸閮借鎴戞槸涓涓彲浠ヤ俊璧栫殑浜恒傚洜涓猴紝鎴戜竴鏃︾瓟搴斿埆浜虹殑浜嬫儏錛屽氨涓瀹氫細鍋氬埌銆傚鏋滄垜鍋氫笉鍒幫紝鎴戝氨涓嶄細杞繪槗璁歌銆?br>鍥炵瓟鏍鋒湰錛?#8221;鎴戣鐨勬垜鏄竴涓瘮杈冮殢鍜岀殑浜猴紝涓庝笉鍚岀殑浜洪兘鍙互鍙嬪ソ鐩稿銆傚湪鎴戜笌浜虹浉澶勬椂錛屾垜鎬繪槸鑳界珯鍦ㄥ埆浜虹殑瑙掑害鑰冭檻闂“
8銆佷綘榪樻湁浠涔堥棶棰樿闂悧錛?br>
鍥?
絳旀彁紺猴細浼佷笟鐨勮繖涓棶棰樼湅涓婂幓鍙湁鍙棤錛屽叾瀹炲緢鍏抽敭錛屼紒涓氫笉鍠滄璇?#8220;娌℃湁闂”鐨勪漢錛屽洜涓哄叾寰堟敞閲嶅憳宸ョ殑涓у拰鍒涙柊鑳藉姏銆備紒涓氫笉鍠滄姹傝亴鑰呴棶涓漢紱忓埄涔嬬被
鐨勯棶棰橈紝濡傛灉鏈変漢榪欐牱闂細璐靛叕鍙稿鏂板叆鍏徃鐨勫憳宸ユ湁娌℃湁浠涔堝煿璁」鐩紝鎴戝彲浠ュ弬鍔犲悧錛熸垨鑰呰璐靛叕鍙哥殑鏅嬪崌鏈哄埗鏄粈涔堟牱鐨勶紵浼佷笟灝嗗緢嬈㈣繋錛屽洜涓轟綋鐜板嚭浣犲瀛?
涔犵殑鐑儏鍜屽鍏徃鐨勫繝璇氬害浠ュ強浣犵殑涓婅繘蹇冦?br>9銆佸鏋滈氳繃榪欐闈㈣瘯鎴戜滑鍗曚綅褰曠敤浜嗕綘錛屼絾宸ヤ綔涓孌墊椂闂村嵈鍙戠幇浣犳牴鏈笉閫傚悎榪欎釜鑱屼綅錛屼綘鎬庝箞鍔烇紵
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氫竴孌墊椂闂村彂鐜板伐浣滀笉閫傚悎鎴戯紝鏈変袱縐嶆儏鍐碉細
1銆佸鏋滀綘紜疄鐑埍榪欎釜鑱屼笟錛岄偅浣犲氨瑕佷笉鏂涔狅紝铏氬績鍚戦瀵煎拰鍚屼簨瀛︿範涓氬姟鐭ヨ瘑鍜屽浜嬬粡楠岋紝浜嗚В榪欎釜鑱屼笟鐨勭簿紲炲唴娑靛拰鑱屼笟瑕佹眰錛屽姏浜夊噺灝戝樊璺濓紱
2銆佷綘瑙夊緱榪欎釜鑱屼笟鍙湁鍙棤錛岄偅榪樻槸瓚佹棭鎹釜鑱屼笟錛屽幓鍙戠幇閫傚悎浣犵殑錛屼綘鐑埍鐨勮亴涓氾紝閭f牱浣犵殑鍙戝睍鍓嶉斾篃浼氬ぇ鐐癸紝瀵瑰崟浣嶅拰涓漢閮芥湁濂藉銆?br>10銆佸湪瀹屾垚鏌愰」宸ヤ綔鏃訛紝浣犺涓洪瀵艱姹傜殑鏂瑰紡涓嶆槸鏈濂界殑錛岃嚜宸辮繕鏈夋洿濂界殑鏂規硶錛屼綘搴旇鎬庝箞鍋氾紵
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氣憼.鍘熷垯涓婃垜浼氬皧閲嶅拰鏈嶄粠棰嗗鐨勫伐浣滃畨鎺掞紱鍚屾椂縐佸簳涓嬫壘鏈轟細浠ヨ鏁欑殑鍙e惢錛屽〾杞湴琛ㄨ揪鑷繁鐨勬兂娉曪紝鐪嬬湅棰嗗鏄惁鑳芥敼鍙樻兂娉曪紱
鈶″鏋滈瀵兼病鏈夐噰綰蟲垜鐨勫緩璁紝鎴戜篃鍚屾牱浼氭寜棰嗗鐨勮姹傝鐪熷湴鍘誨畬鎴愯繖欏瑰伐浣滐紱
鈶?榪樻湁涓縐嶆儏鍐碉紝鍋囧棰嗗瑕佹眰鐨勬柟寮忚繚鑳屽師鍒欙紝鎴戜細鍧氬喅鎻愬嚭鍙嶅鎰忚錛涘棰嗗浠嶅浐鎵у繁瑙侊紝鎴戜細姣笉鐘硅鮑鍦板啀鍚戜笂綰ч瀵煎弽鏄犮?br>11銆佸鏋滀綘鐨勫伐浣滃嚭鐜板け璇紝緇欐湰鍏徃閫犳垚緇忔祹鎹熷け錛屼綘璁や負璇ユ庝箞鍔烇紵
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛?br>鈶犳垜鏈剰鏄負鍏徃鍔姏宸ヤ綔錛屽鏋滈犳垚緇忔祹鎹熷け錛屾垜璁や負棣栬鐨勯棶棰樻槸鎯蟲柟璁炬硶鍘誨譏琛ユ垨鎸藉洖緇忔祹鎹熷け銆傚鏋滄垜鏃犺兘鍔涜礋璐o紝甯屾湜鍗曚綅甯姪瑙e喅錛?br>鈶℃槸璐d換闂銆傚垎娓呰矗浠伙紝鍚勮礋鍏惰矗錛屽鏋滄槸鎴戠殑璐d換錛屾垜鐢樻効鍙楃綒錛涘鏋滄槸涓涓垜璐熻矗鐨勫洟闃熶腑鍒漢鐨勫け璇紝涔熶笉鑳藉垢鐏句箰紲革紝浣滀負涓涓洟闃燂紝闇瑕佷簰鐩告彁鎼哄叡鍚屽畬鎴愬伐浣滐紝瀹夋叞鍚屼簨騫朵笖甯姪鍚屼簨鏌ユ壘鍘熷洜鎬葷粨緇忛獙銆?br>鈶㈡葷粨緇忛獙鏁欒錛屼竴涓漢鐨勪竴鐢熶笉鍙兘涓嶇姱閿欒錛岄噸瑕佺殑鏄兘浠庤嚜宸辯殑鎴栬呮槸鍒漢鐨勯敊璇腑鍚稿彇緇忛獙鏁欒錛屽茍鍦ㄤ粖鍚庣殑宸ヤ綔涓伩鍏嶅彂鐢熷悓綾葷殑閿欒銆傛璁ㄨ嚜宸辯殑宸ヤ綔鏂規硶銆佸垎鏋愰棶棰樼殑娣卞害鍜屽姏搴︽槸鍚︿笉澶燂紝浠ヨ嚧鍑虹幇浜嗘湰鍙互閬垮厤鐨勯敊璇?br>12銆佸鏋滀綘鍦ㄨ繖嬈¤冭瘯涓病鏈夎褰曠敤錛屼綘鎬庝箞鎵撶畻錛?br>
鍥?
絳旀彁紺猴細鐜板湪鐨勭ぞ浼氭槸涓涓珵浜夌殑紺句細,浠庤繖嬈¢潰璇曚腑涔熷彲鐪嬪嚭榪欎竴鐐?鏈夌珵浜夊氨蹇呯劧鏈変紭鍔?鏈夋垚鍔熷繀瀹氬氨浼氭湁澶辮觸.寰寰鎴愬姛鐨勮儗鍚庢湁璁稿鐨勫洶闅懼拰鎸姌,濡傛灉
榪欐澶辮觸浜嗕篃浠呬粎鏄竴嬈¤屽凡,鍙湁緇忚繃緇忛獙緇忓巻鐨勭Н绱墠鑳藉閫犲嚭涓涓畬鍏ㄧ殑鎴愬姛鑰呫傛垜浼氫粠浠ヤ笅鍑犱釜鏂歸潰鏉ユ紜湅寰呰繖嬈″け璐?
絎竴銆佽鏁簬闈㈠,闈㈠榪欐澶辮觸涓嶆皵棣?鎺ュ彈宸茬粡澶卞幓浜嗚繖嬈℃満浼氬氨涓嶄細鍥炲ご榪欎釜鐜板疄,浠庡績鐞嗘剰蹇楀拰綺劇涓婁綋鐜板嚭瀵硅繖嬈″け璐ョ殑鎶墊姉鍔涖傝鏈夎嚜淇?鐩鎬俊鑷繁緇忓巻浜嗚繖嬈′箣鍚庣粡榪囧姫鍔涗竴瀹氳兘琛?鑳藉瓚呰秺鑷垜.
絎簩銆佸杽浜庡弽鎬?瀵逛簬榪欐闈㈣瘯緇忛獙瑕佽鐪熸葷粨,鎬濊冨墫鏋?鑳藉浠庤嚜韜殑瑙掑害鎵懼樊璺濄傛紜寰呰嚜宸?瀹炰簨姹傛槸鍦拌瘎浠瘋嚜宸?杈╄瘉鐨勭湅寰呰嚜宸辯殑闀跨煭寰楀け,鍋氫竴涓槑鐧戒漢.
絎笁銆佽蛋鍑洪槾褰?瑕佸厠鏈嶈繖涓嬈″け璐ュ甫緇欒嚜宸辯殑蹇冪悊鍘嬪姏,鏃跺埢鐗㈣鑷繁寮辯偣,闃叉偅浜庢湭鐒?鍔犲己瀛︿範,鎻愰珮鑷韓绱犺川.
絎洓銆佽鐪熷伐浣?鍥炲埌鍘熷崟浣嶅矖浣嶄笂鍚?瑕佸疄瀹炲湪鍦ㄣ佽笍韙忓疄瀹炲湴宸ヤ綔,涓夊崄鍏,琛岃鍑虹姸鍏?浜夊彇鍦ㄦ湰宀椾綅涓婂仛鍑轟竴瀹氱殑鎴愮嘩.
絎簲銆佸啀鎺ュ啀鍘?鎴愪負杞歡宸ョ▼甯堟垨緗戠粶宸ョ▼甯堜竴鐩存槸鎴戠殑姊︽兂,浠ュ悗濡傛灉鏈夋満浼氭垜浠嶇劧鍚庡啀嬈″弬鍔犵珵浜?
13銆佸鏋滀綘鍋氱殑涓欏瑰伐浣滃彈鍒頒笂綰ч瀵肩殑琛ㄦ壃錛屼絾浣犱富綆¢瀵煎嵈璇存槸浠栧仛鐨勶紝浣犺鎬庢牱錛?br>
鍥?
絳旀彁紺猴細鎴戦鍏堜笉浼氭壘閭d綅涓婄駭棰嗗璇存槑榪欎歡浜嬶紝鎴戜細涓誨姩鎵炬垜鐨勪富綆¢瀵兼潵娌熼氾紝鍥犱負娌熼氭槸瑙e喅浜洪檯鍏崇郴鐨勬渶濂藉姙娉曪紝浣嗙粨鏋滀細鏈変袱縐嶏細1.鎴戠殑涓葷棰嗗璁よ瘑
鍒拌嚜宸辯殑閿欒錛屾垜鎯蟲垜浼氳鍏蜂綋鎯呭喌鍐沖畾鏄惁鍘熻皡浠栵紱2.浠栨洿鍔犲彉鏈姞鍘夌殑鏉ュ▉鑳佹垜錛岄偅鎴戜細姣笉鐘硅鮑鍦版壘鎴戠殑涓婄駭棰嗗鍙嶆槧姝や簨錛屽洜涓轟粬榪欐牱鍋氫細閫犳垚璐熼潰褰?
鍝嶏紝瀵逛粖鍚庣殑宸ヤ綔涓嶅埄銆?br>14銆佽皥璋堜綘瀵硅煩妲界殑鐪嬫硶錛?br>
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氾紙1錛夋甯哥殑"璺蟲Ы"鑳戒績榪涗漢鎵嶅悎鐞嗘祦鍔紝搴旇鏀寔錛?br>錛?錛夐綣佺殑璺蟲Ы瀵瑰崟浣嶅拰涓漢鍙屾柟閮戒笉鍒╋紝搴旇鍙嶅銆?br>15銆佸伐浣滀腑浣犻毦浠ュ拰鍚屼簨銆佷笂鍙哥浉澶勶紝浣犺鎬庝箞鍔烇紵
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛?br>鈶犳垜浼氭湇浠庨瀵肩殑鎸囨尌錛岄厤鍚堝悓浜嬬殑宸ヤ綔銆?br>鈶℃垜浼氫粠鑷韓鎵懼師鍥狅紝浠旂粏鍒嗘瀽鏄笉鏄嚜宸卞伐浣滃仛寰椾笉濂借棰嗗涓嶆弧鎰忥紝鍚屼簨鐪嬩笉鎯傝繕瑕佺湅鐪嬫槸涓嶆槸涓轟漢澶勪笘鏂歸潰鍋氬緱涓嶅ソ銆傚鏋滄槸榪欐牱鐨勮瘽 鎴戜細鍔姏鏀規銆?br>鈶㈠鏋滄垜鎵句笉鍒板師鍥狅紝鎴戜細鎵炬満浼氳窡浠栦滑娌熼氾紝璇蜂粬浠寚鍑烘垜鐨勪笉瓚熾傛湁闂灝卞強鏃舵敼姝c?br>鈶d綔涓轟紭縐鐨勫憳宸ワ紝搴旇鏃跺埢浠ュぇ灞涓洪噸錛屽嵆浣垮湪涓孌墊椂闂村唴錛岄瀵煎拰鍚屼簨瀵規垜涓嶇悊瑙o紝鎴戜篃浼氬仛濂芥湰鑱屽伐浣滐紝铏氬績鍚戜粬浠涔狅紝鎴戠浉淇★紝浠栦滑浼氱湅瑙佹垜鍦ㄥ姫鍔涳紝鎬繪湁涓澶╀細瀵規垜寰瑧鐨勶紒
16銆佸亣璁句綘鍦ㄦ煇鍗曚綅宸ヤ綔錛屾垚緇╂瘮杈冪獊鍑猴紝寰楀埌棰嗗鐨勮偗瀹氥備絾鍚屾椂浣犲彂鐜板悓浜嬩滑瓚婃潵瓚婂绔嬩綘錛屼綘鎬庝箞鐪嬭繖涓棶棰橈紵浣犲噯澶囨庝箞鍔烇紵
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛?br>鈶犳垚緇╂瘮杈冪獊鍑猴紝寰楀埌棰嗗鐨勮偗瀹氭槸浠跺ソ浜嬫儏錛屼互鍚庢洿鍔犲姫鍔?br>鈶℃璁ㄤ竴涓嬭嚜宸辨槸涓嶆槸瀵瑰伐浣滅殑鐑績搴﹁秴榪囧悓浜嬮棿浜ゅ線鐨勭儹蹇冧簡錛屽姞寮哄悓浜嬮棿鐨勪氦寰鍙婂叡鍚岀殑鍏磋叮鐖卞ソ銆?br>鈶㈠伐浣滀腑錛屽垏鍕夸激瀹沖埆浜虹殑鑷皧蹇?br>鈶d笉鍐嶉瀵煎墠鎷ㄥ紕鏄潪
鈶や箰浜庡姪浜哄闈?br>17銆佷綘鏈榪戞槸鍚﹀弬鍔犱簡鍩硅璇劇▼錛熻皥璋堝煿璁紼嬬殑鍐呭銆傛槸鍏徃璧勫姪榪樻槸鑷垂鍙傚姞錛?br>
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氭槸鑷垂鍙傚姞錛屽氨鏄寳澶ч潚楦熺殑鍩硅璇劇▼錛堝彲浠ュ璋堣皥鑷繁瀛︾殑鎶鏈級銆?br>18銆佷綘瀵逛簬鎴戜滑鍏徃浜嗚В澶氬皯錛?br>
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氬湪鍘誨叕鍙擱潰璇曞墠涓婄綉鏌ヤ竴涓嬭鍏徃涓昏惀涓氬姟銆傚鍥炵瓟錛氳吹鍏徃鏈夋剰鏀瑰彉絳栫暐錛屽姞寮轟笌鍥藉澶у巶鐨凮EM鍚堜綔錛岃嚜鏈夊搧鐗岀殑閮ㄥ垎鍒欓忚繃嫻峰緇忛攢鍟嗐?br>19銆佽璇村嚭浣犻夋嫨榪欎喚宸ヤ綔鐨勫姩鏈猴紵
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氳繖鏄兂鐭ラ亾闈㈣瘯鑰呭榪欎喚宸ヤ綔鐨勭儹蹇卞強鐞嗚В搴︼紝騫剁瓫閫夊洜涓鏃跺叴璧瘋屾潵搴旇瘯鐨勪漢錛屽鏋滄槸鏃犵粡楠岃咃紝鍙互寮鴻皟“灝辯畻鑱岀涓嶅悓錛屼篃甯屾湜鏈夋満浼氬彂鎸ヤ箣鍓嶇殑緇忛獙”銆?br>20銆佷綘鏈鎿呴暱鐨勬妧鏈柟鍚戞槸浠涔堬紵
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氳鍜屼綘瑕佸簲鑱樼殑鑱屼綅鐩稿叧鐨勮紼嬶紝琛ㄧ幇涓涓嬭嚜宸辯殑鐑瘹娌℃湁浠涔堝潖澶勩?br>21銆佷綘鑳戒負鎴戜滑鍏徃甯︽潵浠涔堝憿錛?br>
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛?br>鈶犲亣濡備綘鍙互鐨勮瘽錛岃瘯鐫鍛婅瘔浠栦滑浣犲彲浠ュ噺浣庝粬浠殑璐圭敤鈥斺?#8220;鎴戝凡緇忔帴鍙楄繃鍖楀ぇ闈掗笩榪戜袱騫翠笓涓氱殑鍩硅錛岀珛鍒誨氨鍙互涓婂矖宸ヤ綔”銆?br>鈶?
浼佷笟寰堟兂鐭ラ亾鏈潵鐨勫憳宸ヨ兘涓轟紒涓氬仛浠涔堬紝姹傝亴鑰呭簲鍐嶆閲嶅鑷繁鐨勪紭鍔匡紝鐒跺悗璇達細“灝辨垜鐨勮兘鍔涳紝鎴戝彲浠ュ仛涓涓紭縐鐨勫憳宸ュ湪緇勭粐涓彂鎸ヨ兘鍔涳紝緇欑粍緇囧甫鏉ラ珮鏁堢巼
鍜屾洿澶氱殑鏀剁泭”銆備紒涓氬枩嬈㈡眰鑱岃呭氨鐢寵鐨勮亴浣嶈〃鏄庤嚜宸辯殑鑳藉姏錛屾瘮濡傜敵璇瘋惀閿涔嬬被鐨勮亴浣嶏紝鍙互璇達細“鎴戝彲浠ュ紑鍙戝ぇ閲忕殑鏂板鎴鳳紝鍚屾椂錛屽鑰佸鎴峰仛鏇村叏闈㈠懆鍒扮殑
鏈嶅姟錛屽紑鍙戣佸鎴風殑鏂伴渶姹傚拰娑堣垂銆?#8221;絳夌瓑銆?br>22銆佹渶鑳芥鎷綘鑷繁鐨勪笁涓瘝鏄粈涔堬紵
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛?br>鎴戠粡甯哥敤鐨勪笁涓瘝鏄細閫傚簲鑳藉姏寮猴紝鏈夎矗浠誨績鍜屽仛浜嬫湁濮嬬粓錛岀粨鍚堝叿浣撲緥瀛愬悜涓昏冨畼瑙i噴錛?br>23銆佷綘鐨勪笟浣欑埍濂芥槸浠涔堬紵
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氭壘涓浜涘瘜浜庡洟浣撳悎浣滅簿紲炵殑錛岃繖閲屾湁涓涓湡瀹炵殑鏁呬簨錛氭湁浜鴻鍚﹀喅鎺夛紝鍥犱負浠栫殑鐖卞ソ鏄繁嫻鋒綔姘淬備富鑰冨畼璇達細鍥犱負榪欐槸涓欏瑰崟浜烘椿鍔紝鎴戜笉鏁㈣偗瀹氫粬鑳藉惁閫傚簲鍥綋宸ヤ綔銆?br>24銆佷綔涓鴻闈㈣瘯鑰呯粰鎴戞墦涓涓嬪垎
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氳瘯鐫鍒楀嚭鍥涗釜浼樼偣鍜屼竴涓潪甯擱潪甯擱潪甯稿皬鐨勭己鐐癸紝錛堝彲浠ユ姳鎬ㄤ竴涓嬭鏂斤紝娌℃湁鏄庣‘璐d換浜虹殑緙虹偣鏄笉浼氭湁浜轟粙鎰忕殑錛夈?br>25銆佷綘鎬庝箞鐞嗚В浣犲簲鑱樼殑鑱屼綅錛?br>
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氭妸宀椾綅鑱岃矗鍜屼換鍔″強宸ヤ綔鎬佸害闃愯堪涓涓?br>26銆佸枩嬈㈣繖浠藉伐浣滅殑鍝竴鐐癸紵
鍥?
絳旀彁紺猴細鐩鎬俊鍏跺疄澶у蹇冧腑涓瀹氶兘鏈夌瓟妗堜簡鍚э紒姣忎釜浜虹殑浠峰艱涓嶅悓錛岃嚜鐒惰瘎鏂殑鏍囧噯涔熶細涓嶅悓錛屼絾鏄紝鍦ㄥ洖絳旈潰璇曞畼榪欎釜闂鏃跺彲涓嶈兘澶洿鎺ュ氨鎶婅嚜宸卞績鐞嗙殑璇濊
鍑烘潵錛屽挨鍏舵槸钖祫鏂歸潰鐨勯棶棰橈紝涓嶈繃涓浜涙棤浼ゅぇ闆呯殑鍥炵瓟鏄笉閿欑殑鑰冭檻錛屽浜ら氭柟渚匡紝宸ヤ綔鎬ц川鍙婂唴瀹歸鑳界鍚堣嚜宸辯殑鍏磋叮絳夌瓑閮芥槸涓嶉敊鐨勭瓟妗堬紝涓嶈繃濡傛灉榪欐椂鑷繁
鑳戒粩緇嗘濊冨嚭榪欎喚宸ヤ綔鐨勪笌浼椾笉鍚屼箣澶勶紝鐩鎬俊鍦ㄩ潰璇曚笂浼氬ぇ澶у姞鍒嗐?br>27銆佷負浠涔堣紱昏亴?
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛?br>鈶犲洖絳旇繖涓棶棰樻椂涓瀹氳
灝忓績錛屽氨綆楀湪鍓嶄竴涓伐浣滃彈鍒板啀澶х殑濮斿眻錛屽鍏徃鏈夊灝戠殑鎬ㄨ█錛岄兘鍗冧竾涓嶈琛ㄧ幇鍑烘潵錛屽挨鍏惰閬垮厤瀵瑰叕鍙告湰韜富綆$殑鎵硅瘎錛岄伩鍏嶉潰璇曞畼鐨勮礋闈㈡儏緇強鍗拌薄錛涘緩璁
鏃舵渶濂界殑鍥炵瓟鏂瑰紡鏄皢闂褰掑拵鍦ㄨ嚜宸辮韓涓婏紝渚嬪瑙夊緱宸ヤ綔娌℃湁瀛︿範鍙戝睍鐨勭┖闂達紝鑷繁鎯沖湪闈㈣瘯宸ヤ綔鐨勭浉鍏充駭涓氫腑澶氬姞瀛︿範錛屾垨鏄墠涓浠藉伐浣滀笌鑷繁鐨勭敓娑鍒掍笉鍚?
絳夌瓑錛屽洖絳旂殑絳旀鏈濂芥槸縐瀬姝i潰鐨勩?br>鈶℃垜甯屾湜鑳借幏寰椾竴浠芥洿濂界殑宸ヤ綔錛屽鏋滄満浼氭潵涓達紝鎴戜細鎶撲綇錛涙垜瑙夊緱鐩墠鐨勫伐浣滐紝宸茬粡杈懼埌欏跺嘲錛屽嵆娌掓湁鍗囪縼鏈轟細銆?br>28銆佽璇翠綘瀵硅涓氥佹妧鏈彂灞曡秼鍔跨殑鐪嬫硶錛?br>
鍥?
絳旀彁紺猴細浼佷笟瀵硅繖涓棶棰樺緢鎰熷叴瓚o紝鍙湁鏈夊鑰屾潵鐨勬眰鑱岃呰兘澶熻繃鍏熾傛眰鑱岃呭彲浠ョ洿鎺ュ湪緗戜笂鏌ユ壘瀵逛綘鎵鐢寵鐨勮涓氶儴闂ㄧ殑淇℃伅錛屽彧鏈夋繁鍏ヤ簡瑙f墠鑳戒駭鐢熺嫭鐗圭殑瑙?
瑙c備紒涓氳涓烘渶鑱槑鐨勬眰鑱岃呮槸瀵規墍闈㈣瘯鐨勫叕鍙擱鍏堜簡瑙e緢澶氾紝鍖呮嫭鍏徃鍚勪釜閮ㄩ棬錛屽彂灞曟儏鍐碉紝鍦ㄩ潰璇曞洖絳旈棶棰樼殑鏃跺欏彲浠ユ彁鍒版墍浜嗚В鐨勬儏鍐碉紝浼佷笟嬈㈣繋榪涘叆浼佷笟鐨?
浜烘槸“鐭ュ繁”錛岃屼笉鏄?#8220;鐩蹭漢”銆?br>29銆佸宸ヤ綔鐨勬湡鏈涗笌鐩爣浣曞湪錛?br>
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氳繖鏄潰璇曡呯敤鏉ヨ瘎鏂眰鑱岃呮槸鍚﹀鑷繁鏈変竴瀹氱▼搴︾殑鏈?
鏈涖佸榪欎喚宸ヤ綔鏄惁浜嗚В鐨勯棶棰樸傚浜庡伐浣滄湁紜疄瀛︿範鐩爣鐨勪漢閫氬父瀛︿範杈冨揩錛屽浜庢柊宸ヤ綔鑷劧杈冨鏄撹繘鍏ョ姸鍐碉紝榪欐椂寤鴻浣狅紝鏈濂介拡瀵瑰伐浣滅殑鎬ц川鎵懼嚭涓涓‘瀹炵殑
絳旀錛屽涓氬姟鍛樼殑宸ヤ綔鍙互榪欐牱鍥炵瓟錛?#8220;鎴戠殑鐩爣鏄兘鎴愪負涓涓秴綰т笟鍔″憳錛屽皢鍏徃鐨勪駭鍝佸箍娉涚殑鎺ㄩ攢鍑哄幓錛岃揪鍒版渶濂界殑涓氱嘩鎴愭晥錛涗負浜嗚揪鍒拌繖涓洰鏍囷紝鎴戜竴瀹氫細鍔?
鍔涘涔狅紝鑰屾垜鐩鎬俊浠ユ垜璁ょ湡璐熻矗鐨勬佸害錛屼竴瀹氬彲浠ヨ揪鍒拌繖涓洰鏍囥?#8221;鍏朵粬綾葷殑宸ヤ綔涔熷彲浠ユ瘮鐓ц繖涓柟寮忔潵鍥炵瓟錛屽彧瑕佸湪鐩爣鏂歸潰紼嶅井淇敼涓涓嬪氨鍙互浜嗐?br>30銆佽璇翠綘鐨勫搴?br>
鍥?
絳旀彁紺猴細浼佷笟闈㈣瘯鏃惰闂搴棶棰樹笉鏄潪瑕佺煡閬撴眰鑱岃呭搴殑鎯呭喌錛屾帰絀墮殣縐侊紝浼佷笟涓嶅枩嬈㈡帰絀朵釜浜洪殣縐侊紝鑰屾槸瑕佷簡瑙e搴儗鏅姹傝亴鑰呯殑濉戦犲拰褰卞搷銆備紒涓氬笇鏈涘惉
鍒扮殑閲嶇偣涔熷湪浜庡搴姹傝亴鑰呯殑縐瀬褰卞搷銆備紒涓氭渶鍠滄鍚埌鐨勬槸錛氭垜寰堢埍鎴戠殑瀹跺涵錛佹垜鐨勫搴竴鍚戝緢鍜岀潶錛岃櫧鐒舵垜鐨勭埗浜插拰姣嶄翰閮芥槸鏅氫漢錛屼絾鏄粠灝忥紝鎴戝氨鐪嬪埌鎴?
鐖朵翰璧鋒棭璐粦錛屾瘡澶╁伐浣滅壒鍒嫟鍔籌紝浠栫殑琛屽姩鏃犲艦涓煿鍏諱簡鎴戣鐪熻礋璐g殑鎬佸害鍜屽嫟鍔崇殑綺劇銆傛垜姣嶄翰涓轟漢鍠勮壇錛屽浜虹儹鎯咃紝鐗瑰埆涔愪簬鍔╀漢錛屾墍浠ュ湪鍗曚綅浜虹紭寰堝ソ錛屽ス
鐨勪竴璦涓琛屼篃涓鐩村湪鏁欏鎴戝仛浜虹殑閬撶悊銆備紒涓氱浉淇★紝鍜岀潶鐨勫搴叧緋誨涓涓漢鐨勬垚闀挎湁娼滅Щ榛樺寲鐨勫獎鍝嶃?br>31銆佸氨浣犵敵璇風殑榪欎釜鑱屼綅錛屼綘璁や負浣犺繕嬈犵己浠涔堬紵
鍥?
絳旀彁紺猴細浼佷笟鍠滄闂眰鑱岃呭急鐐癸紝浣嗙簿鏄庣殑姹傝亴鑰呬竴鑸笉鐩存帴鍥炵瓟銆備粬浠笇鏈涚湅鍒拌繖鏍風殑姹傝亴鑰咃細緇х畫閲嶅鑷繁鐨勪紭鍔匡紝鐒跺悗璇達細“瀵逛簬榪欎釜鑱屼綅鍜屾垜鐨勮兘鍔涙潵璇達紝
鎴戠浉淇¤嚜宸辨槸鍙互鑳滀換鐨勶紝鍙槸緙轟箯緇忛獙錛岃繖涓棶棰樻垜鎯蟲垜鍙互榪涘叆鍏徃浠ュ悗浠ユ渶鐭殑鏃墮棿鏉ヨВ鍐籌紝鎴戠殑瀛︿範鑳藉姏寰堝己錛屾垜鐩鎬俊鍙互寰堝揩铻嶅叆鍏徃鐨勪紒涓氭枃鍖栵紝榪涘叆
宸ヤ綔鐘舵併?#8221;浼佷笟鍠滄鑳藉宸у鍦拌翰榪囬毦棰樼殑姹傝亴鑰呫?br>32銆佷綘嬈h祻鍝鎬ф牸鐨勪漢錛?br>
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氳瘹瀹炪佷笉姝繪澘鑰屼笖瀹規槗鐩稿鐨勪漢銆佹湁"瀹為檯琛屽姩"鐨勪漢銆?br>33銆佷綘閫氬父濡備綍澶勭悊鍒ヤ漢鐨勬壒璇勶紵
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氣憼娌堥粯鏄噾銆備笉蹇呰浠涔堬紝鍚﹀垯鎯呭喌鏇寸碂錛屼笉榪囨垜浼氭帴鍙楀緩璁炬х殑鎵硅瘎錛涒憽鎴戜細絳夊ぇ瀹跺喎闈滀笅鏉ュ啀璁ㄨ銆?br>34銆佷綘鎬庢牱瀵瑰緟鑷繁鐨勫け鏁楋紵
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氭垜浠ぇ瀹剁敓鏉ラ兘涓嶆槸鍗佸叏鍗佺編鐨勶紝鎴戠浉淇℃垜鏈夌浜屼釜鏈轟細鏀規鎴戠殑閿欒銆?br>35銆佷粈涔堜細璁╀綘鏈夋垚灝辨劅錛?br>
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氫負璐靛叕鍙哥鍔涙晥鍔籌紱灝芥垜鎵鑳斤紝瀹屾垚涓涓」鐩?br>36銆佺溂涓嬩綘鐢熸椿涓渶閲嶈鐨勬槸浠涔堬紵
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氬鎴戞潵璇達紝鑳藉湪榪欎釜棰嗗煙鎵懼埌宸ヤ綔鏄渶閲嶈鐨勶紱鏈涜兘鍦ㄨ吹鍏徃浠昏亴瀵規垜璇存渶閲嶈銆?br>37銆佷綘涓轟粈涔堟効鎰忓埌鎴戜滑鍏徃鏉ュ伐浣滐紵
鍥?
絳旀彁紺猴細瀵逛簬榪欎釜闂錛屼綘瑕佹牸澶栧皬蹇冿紝濡傛灉浣犲凡緇忓璇ュ崟浣嶄綔浜嗙爺絀訛紝浣犲彲浠ュ洖絳斾竴浜涜緇嗙殑鍘熷洜錛屽儚“鍏徃鏈韓鐨勯珮鎶鏈紑鍙戠幆澧冨緢鍚稿紩鎴戙?#8221;錛?#8220;鎴戝悓鍏徃鍑?
鐢熷湪鍚屾牱鐨勬椂浠o紝鎴戝笇鏈涜兘澶熻繘鍏ヤ竴瀹朵笌鎴戝叡鍚屾垚闀跨殑鍏徃銆?#8221;“浣犱滑鍏徃涓鐩撮兘紼沖畾鍙戝睍錛屽湪榪戝嚑騫存潵鍦ㄥ競鍦轟笂寰堟湁绔炰簤鍔涖?#8221;鎴栬?#8220;鎴戣涓鴻吹鍏徃鑳藉緇欐垜鎻愪緵
涓涓笌浼椾笉鍚岀殑鍙戝睍閬撹礬銆?#8221;榪欓兘鏄劇ず鍑轟綘宸茬粡鍋氫簡涓浜涜皟鏌ワ紝涔熻鏄庝綘瀵硅嚜宸辯殑鏈潵鏈変簡杈冧負鍏蜂綋鐨勮繙鏅鍒掋?br>38銆佷綘鍜屽埆浜哄彂鐢熻繃浜夋墽鍚楋紵浣犳槸鎬庢牱瑙e喅鐨勶紵
鍥?
絳旀彁紺猴細榪欐槸闈㈣瘯涓渶闄╂伓鐨勯棶棰樸傚叾瀹炴槸鑰冨畼甯冧笅鐨勪竴涓櫡闃便傚崈涓囦笉瑕佽浠諱綍浜虹殑榪囬敊銆傚簲鐭ユ垚鍔熻В鍐崇煕鐩炬槸涓涓崗浣滃洟浣撲腑鎴愬憳鎵蹇呭鐨勮兘鍔涖傚亣濡備綘宸ヤ綔鍦?
涓涓湇鍔¤涓氾紝榪欎釜闂綆鐩存垚浜嗘渶閲嶈鐨勪竴涓幆鑺傘備綘鏄惁鑳借幏寰楄繖浠藉伐浣滐紝灝嗗彇鍐充簬榪欎釜闂鐨勫洖絳斻傝冨畼甯屾湜鐪嬪埌浣犳槸鎴愮啛涓斾箰浜庡鐚殑銆備粬浠氳繃榪欎釜闂
浜嗚В浣犵殑鎴愮啛搴﹀拰澶勪笘鑳藉姏銆傚湪娌℃湁澶栫晫騫叉秹鐨勬儏鍐典笅錛岄氳繃濡ュ崗鐨勬柟寮忔潵瑙e喅鎵嶆槸姝g‘絳旀銆?br>39銆侀棶棰橈細浣犲仛榪囩殑鍝歡浜嬫渶浠よ嚜宸辨劅鍒伴獎鍌?
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氳繖鏄冨畼緇欎綘鐨勪竴涓満浼氾紝璁╀綘灞曠ず鑷繁鎶婃彙鍛借繍鐨勮兘鍔涖傝繖浼氫綋鐜頒綘娼滃湪鐨勯瀵艱兘鍔涗互鍙婁綘琚彁鍗囩殑鍙兘鎬с傚亣濡備綘搴旇仒浜庝竴涓湇鍔℃ц川鐨勫崟浣嶏紝浣犲緢鍙兘浼氳閭璇峰幓鍗堥銆傝浣忥細浣犵殑鍓嶉斿彇鍐充簬浣犵殑鐭ヨ瘑銆佷綘鐨勭ぞ浜よ兘鍔涘拰緇煎悎琛ㄧ幇銆?br>40銆佷綘鏂板埌涓涓儴闂?涓澶╀竴涓鎴鋒潵鎵句綘瑙e喅闂,浣犲姫鍔涙兂璁╀粬婊℃剰錛屽彲鏄緇堣揪涓嶅埌緹や紬寰楁弧鎰?浠栨姇璇変綘浠儴闂ㄥ伐浣滄晥鐜囦綆,浣犺繖涓椂鍊欐庝箞浣?
鍥?
絳旀彁紺猴細(1)棣栧厛錛屾垜浼氫繚鎸佸喎闈欍備綔涓轟竴鍚嶅伐浣滀漢鍛橈紝鍦ㄥ伐浣滀腑閬囧埌鍚勭鍚勬牱鐨勯棶棰樻槸姝e父鐨勶紝鍏抽敭鏄浣曡璇嗗畠錛岀Н鏋佸簲瀵癸紝濡ュ杽澶勭悊銆?
(2)鍏舵錛屾垜浼氬弽鎬濅竴涓嬪鎴蜂笉婊℃剰鐨勫師鍥犮備竴鏄湅鏄惁鏄嚜宸卞湪瑙e喅闂涓婄殑紜湁鑰冭檻鐨勪笉鍛ㄥ埌鐨勫湴鏂癸紝浜屾槸鐪嬫槸鍚︽槸瀹㈡埛涓嶅お浜嗚В鐩稿叧鐨勬湇鍔¤瀹氳屾彁鍑鴻秴鍑?
瑙勫畾鐨勮姹傦紝涓夋槸鐪嬫槸鍚︽槸瀹㈡埛浜嗚В鐩稿叧鐨勮瀹氾紝浣嗘槸鎻愬嚭鐨勮姹備笉鍚堢悊銆?
(3)鍐嶆錛屾牴鎹師鍥犻噰鍙栫浉瀵圭殑瀵圭瓥銆傚鏋滄槸鑷繁紜湁涓嶅懆鍒扮殑鍦版柟錛屾寜鐓ф湇鍔¤瀹氫綔鍑哄悎鐞嗙殑瀹夋帓錛屽茍鍚戝鎴蜂綔鍑鴻В閲婏紱濡傛灉鏄鎴蜂笉澶簡瑙f斂絳栬瀹氳岄犳垚鐨?
璇В錛屾垜浼氬悜浠栦綔鍑鴻繘涓姝ョ殑瑙i噴錛屾秷闄や粬鐨勮浼氾紱濡傛灉鏄鎴鋒彁鍑虹殑瑕佹眰涓嶇鍚堟斂絳栬瀹氾紝鎴戜細鏄庣‘鍦板悜浠栨寚鍑恒?
(4)鍐嶆錛屾垜浼氭妸鏁翠釜浜嬫儏鐨勫鐞嗘儏鍐靛悜棰嗗浣滃嚭璇存槑錛屽笇鏈涘緱鍒頒粬鐨勭悊瑙e拰鏀寔銆?5)鎴戜笉浼氬洜涓哄鎴鋒姇璇変簡鎴戣屼撫澶卞伐浣滅殑鐑儏鍜岀Н鏋佹э紝鑰屼細涓濡傛棦寰鍦?
鐗㈣涓哄鎴鋒湇鍔$殑瀹楁棬錛屼簤鍙栨棭鏃ュ仛涓鍚嶉瀵間俊浠匯佸叕鍙告斁蹇冦佸鎴鋒弧鎰忕殑鑱屽憳銆?br>41銆佸榪欓」宸ヤ綔錛屼綘鏈夊摢浜涘彲棰勮鐨勫洶闅撅紵”
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氾細鈶犱笉瀹滅洿鎺ヨ鍑哄叿浣撶殑鍥伴毦錛屽惁鍒欏彲鑳戒護瀵規柟鎬鐤戝簲鑱樿呬笉琛岋紱鈶″彲浠ュ皾璇曡總鍥炴垬鏈紝璇村嚭搴旇仒鑰呭鍥伴毦鎵鎸佹湁鐨勬佸害鈥斺?#8220;宸ヤ綔涓嚭鐜頒竴浜涘洶闅炬槸姝e父鐨勶紝涔熸槸闅懼厤鐨勶紝浣嗘槸鍙鏈夊潥蹇嶄笉鎷旂殑姣呭姏銆佽壇濂界殑鍚堜綔綺劇浠ュ強浜嬪墠鍛ㄥ瘑鑰屽厖鍒嗙殑鍑嗗錛屼換浣曞洶闅鵑兘鏄彲浠ュ厠鏈嶃?#8221;
鍒?
鏋愶細涓鑸棶榪欎釜闂錛岄潰璇曡呯殑甯屾湜灝辨瘮杈冨ぇ浜嗭紝鍥犱負宸茬粡鍦ㄨ皥宸ヤ綔緇嗚妭銆備絾甯歌鎬濊礬涓殑鍥炵瓟錛屽張琚潰璇曞畼“楠?#8221;浜嗐傚綋闈㈣瘯瀹樿闂繖涓棶棰樼殑鏃跺欙紝鏈変袱涓洰
鐨勩傜涓錛岀湅鐪嬪簲鑱樿呮槸涓嶆槸鍦ㄨ錛岃鍑虹殑鍥伴毦鏄笉鏄湪榪欎釜鑱屼綅涓竴鑸兘涓嶅彲閬垮厤鐨勯棶棰樸傜浜岋紝鏄兂鐪嬩竴涓嬪簲鑱樿呰В鍐沖洶闅劇殑鎵嬫硶瀵逛笉瀵癸紝鍙婂叕鍙歌兘鍚︽彁渚涜繖鏍?
鐨勮祫婧愩傝屼笉鏄兂浜嗚В搴旇仒鑰呭鍥伴毦鐨勬佸害銆?br>42銆佸鏋滄垜褰曠敤浣狅紝浣犲皢鎬庢牱寮灞曞伐浣滐紵”
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛?鈶犲鏋滃簲鑱樿呭浜庡簲鑱樼殑鑱屼綅緙轟箯瓚沖鐨勪簡瑙o紝鏈濂戒笉瑕佺洿鎺ヨ鍑鴻嚜宸卞紑灞曞伐浣滅殑鍏蜂綋鍔炴硶錛涒憽鍙互灝濊瘯閲囩敤榪傚洖鎴樻湳鏉ュ洖絳旓紝濡?#8220;棣栧厛鍚彇棰嗗鐨勬寚紺哄拰瑕佹眰錛岀劧鍚庡氨鏈夊叧鎯呭喌榪涜浜嗚В鍜岀啛鎮夛紝鎺ヤ笅鏉ュ埗瀹氫竴浠借繎鏈熺殑宸ヤ綔璁″垝騫舵姤棰嗗鎵瑰噯錛屾渶鍚庢牴鎹鍒掑紑灞曞伐浣溿?#8221;
鍒嗘瀽錛氳繖涓棶棰樼殑涓昏鐩殑涔熸槸浜嗚В搴旇仒鑰呯殑宸ヤ綔鑳藉姏鍜岃鍒掓с佹潯鐞嗘э紝鑰屼笖閲嶇偣鎯寵鐭ラ亾緇嗚妭銆傚鏋滃悜鎬濊礬涓墍璁茬殑榪傚洖鎴樻湳錛岄潰璇曞畼浼氳涓哄洖閬塊棶棰橈紝濡傛灉寮曞浜嗗嚑嬈′粛鐒舵槸鍥為伩鐨勮瘽銆傛浜虹粷瀵逛笉浼氬綍鐢ㄤ簡銆?br>43銆?#8220;浣犲笇鏈涗笌浠涔堟牱鐨勪笂綰у叡浜嬶紵”
鍥?
絳旀彁紺猴細鈶犻氳繃搴旇仒鑰呭涓婄駭鐨?#8220;甯屾湜”鍙互鍒ゆ柇鍑哄簲鑱樿呭鑷垜瑕佹眰鐨勬剰璇嗭紝榪欐棦涓婁竴涓櫡闃憋紝鍙堟槸涓嬈℃満浼氾紱鈶℃渶濂藉洖閬垮涓婄駭鍏蜂綋鐨勫笇鏈涳紝澶氳皥瀵硅嚜宸辯殑瑕?
姹傦紱鈶㈠“鍋氫負鍒氭鍏ョぞ浼氱殑鏂頒漢錛屾垜搴旇澶氳姹傝嚜宸卞敖蹇啛鎮夌幆澧冦侀傚簲鐜錛岃屼笉搴旇瀵圭幆澧冩彁鍑轟粈涔堣姹傦紝鍙鑳藉彂鎸ユ垜鐨勪笓闀垮氨鍙互浜?br>鍒嗘瀽錛氳繖涓棶棰樻瘮杈冨ソ鐨勫洖絳旀槸錛屽笇鏈涙垜鐨勪笂綰ц兘澶熷湪宸ヤ綔涓鎴戝鎸囧錛屽鎴戝伐浣滀腑鐨勯敊璇兘澶熺珛鍗蟲寚鍑恒傛諱箣錛屼粠涓婄駭鎸囧榪欎釜鏂歸潰璋堬紝涓嶄細鏈夊ぇ鐨勭喊婕忋?br>44銆佸湪瀹屾垚鏌愰」宸ヤ綔鏃訛紝浣犺涓洪瀵艱姹傜殑鏂瑰紡涓嶆槸鏈濂界殑錛岃嚜宸辮繕鏈夋洿濂界殑鏂規硶錛屼綘搴旇鎬庝箞鍋氾紵
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛?br>鈶?鍘熷垯涓婃垜浼氬皧閲嶅拰鏈嶄粠棰嗗鐨勫伐浣滃畨鎺掞紱鍚屾椂縐佸簳涓嬫壘鏈轟細浠ヨ鏁欑殑鍙e惢錛屽〾杞湴琛ㄨ揪鑷繁鐨勬兂娉曪紝鐪嬬湅棰嗗鏄惁鑳芥敼鍙樻兂娉曪紱
鈶″鏋滈瀵兼病鏈夐噰綰蟲垜鐨勫緩璁紝鎴戜篃鍚屾牱浼氭寜棰嗗鐨勮姹傝鐪熷湴鍘誨畬鎴愯繖欏瑰伐浣滐紱
鈶?榪樻湁涓縐嶆儏鍐碉紝鍋囧棰嗗瑕佹眰鐨勬柟寮忚繚鑳屽師鍒欙紝鎴戜細鍧氬喅鎻愬嚭鍙嶅鎰忚錛涘棰嗗浠嶅浐鎵у繁瑙侊紝鎴戜細姣笉鐘硅鮑鍦板啀鍚戜笂綰ч瀵煎弽鏄犮?br>45銆佷笌涓婄駭鎰忚涓嶄竴鏄紝浣犲皢鎬庝箞鍔烇紵”
鍥?
絳旀彁紺猴細鈶犱竴鑸彲浠ヨ繖鏍峰洖絳?#8220;鎴戜細緇欎笂綰т互蹇呰鐨勮В閲婂拰鎻愰啋錛屽湪榪欑鎯呭喌涓嬶紝鎴戜細鏈嶄粠涓婄駭鐨勬剰瑙併?#8221;鈶″鏋滈潰璇曚綘鐨勬槸鎬葷粡鐞嗭紝鑰屼綘鎵搴旇仒鐨勮亴浣嶅彟鏈変竴浣嶇粡
鐞嗭紝涓旇繖浣嶇粡鐞嗗綋鏃朵笉鍦ㄥ満錛屽彲浠ヨ繖鏍峰洖絳旓細“瀵逛簬闈炲師鍒欐ч棶棰橈紝鎴戜細鏈嶄粠涓婄駭鐨勬剰瑙侊紝瀵逛簬娑夊強鍏徃鍒╃泭鐨勯噸澶ч棶棰橈紝鎴戝笇鏈涜兘鍚戞洿楂樺眰棰嗗鍙嶆槧銆?#8221;
鍒嗘瀽錛氳繖涓棶棰樼殑鏍囧噯絳旀鏄濊礬1錛屽鏋滅敤2鐨勫洖絳旓紝蹇呮鏃犵枒銆備綘娌℃湁鎽告竻妤氭敼鍏徃鐨勫唴閮ㄦ儏鍐碉紝鍏堟兂鎵撳皬鎶ュ憡錛岃繖鏍風殑浜烘病鏈変漢鏁㈣銆?br>46銆?#8220;浣犲伐浣滅粡楠屾瑺緙猴紝濡備綍鑳借儨浠昏繖欏瑰伐浣滐紵”
甯?
瑙勬濊礬錛氣憼濡傛灉鎷涜仒鍗曚綅瀵瑰簲灞婃瘯涓氱敓鐨勫簲鑱樿呮彁鍑鴻繖涓棶棰橈紝璇存槑鎷涜仒鍏徃騫朵笉鐪熸鍦ㄤ箮“緇忛獙”錛屽叧閿湅搴旇仒鑰呮庢牱鍥炵瓟錛涒憽瀵硅繖涓棶棰樼殑鍥炵瓟鏈濂借浣撶幇鍑哄簲
鑱樿呯殑璇氭伋銆佹満鏅恒佹灉鏁㈠強鏁笟錛涒憿濡?#8220;浣滀負搴斿眾姣曚笟鐢燂紝鍦ㄥ伐浣滅粡楠屾柟闈㈢殑紜細鏈夋墍嬈犵己錛屽洜姝ゅ湪璇諱功鏈熼棿鎴戜竴鐩村埄鐢ㄥ悇縐嶆満浼氬湪榪欎釜琛屼笟閲屽仛鍏艱亴銆傛垜涔熷彂鐜幫紝
瀹為檯宸ヤ綔榪滄瘮涔︽湰鐭ヨ瘑涓板瘜銆佸鏉傘備絾鎴戞湁杈冨己鐨勮矗浠誨績銆侀傚簲鑳藉姏鍜屽涔犺兘鍔涳紝鑰屼笖姣旇緝鍕ゅ錛屾墍浠ュ湪鍏艱亴涓潎鑳藉渾婊″畬鎴愬悇欏瑰伐浣滐紝浠庝腑鑾峰彇鐨勭粡楠屼篃浠ゆ垜鍙楃泭
闈炴祬銆傝璐靛叕鍙告斁蹇冿紝瀛︽牎鎵瀛﹀強鍏艱亴鐨勫伐浣滅粡楠屼嬌鎴戜竴瀹氳兘鑳滀換榪欎釜鑱屼綅銆?#8221;
鐐硅瘎錛氳繖涓棶棰樻濊礬涓殑絳旀灝氬彲銆傜獊鍑鴻嚜宸辯殑鍚冭嫤鑳藉姏鍜岄傚簲鎬т互鍙婂涔犺兘鍔涳紙涓嶆槸瀛︿範鎴愮嘩錛変負濂姐?br>47銆佹偍鍦ㄥ墠涓瀹跺叕鍙哥殑紱昏亴鍘熷洜鏄粈涔堬紵”
鍥?
絳旀彁紺猴細鈶犳渶閲嶈鐨勬槸錛氬簲鑱樿呰浣挎壘鎷涜仒鍗曚綅鐩鎬俊錛屽簲鑱樿呭湪榪囧線鐨勫崟浣嶇殑“紱昏亴鍘熷洜”鍦ㄦ瀹舵嫑鑱樺崟浣嶉噷涓嶅瓨鍦紱鈶¢伩鍏嶆妸“紱昏亴鍘熷洜”璇村緱澶緇嗐佸お鍏?
浣擄紱鈶笉鑳芥幒鏉備富瑙傜殑璐熼潰鎰熷彈錛屽“澶緵鑻?#8221;銆?#8220;浜洪檯鍏崇郴澶嶆潅”銆?#8220;綆$悊澶販涔?#8221;銆?#8220;鍏徃涓嶉噸瑙嗕漢鎵?#8221;銆?#8220;鍏徃鎺掓枼鎴戜滑鏌愭煇鐨勫憳宸?#8221;絳夛紱鈶d絾涔熶笉鑳借翰闂?
鍥為伩錛屽“鎯蟲崲鎹㈢幆澧?#8221;銆?#8220;涓漢鍘熷洜”絳夛紱鈶や笉鑳芥秹鍙婅嚜宸辮礋闈㈢殑浜烘牸鐗瑰緛錛屽涓嶈瘹瀹炪佹噿鎯般佺己涔忚矗浠繪劅銆佷笉闅忓拰絳夛紱鈶ュ敖閲忎嬌瑙i噴鐨勭悊鐢變負搴旇仒鑰呬釜浜哄艦璞℃坊
褰╋紱鈶︾浉鍏充緥瀛愶細濡?#8220;鎴戠鑱屾槸鍥犱負榪欏鍏徃鍊掗棴錛涙垜鍦ㄥ叕鍙稿伐浣滀簡涓夊勾澶氾紝鏈夎緝娣辯殑鎰熸儏錛涗粠鍘誨勾濮嬶紝鐢變簬甯傚満褰㈠娍紿佸彉錛屽叕鍙哥殑灞闈㈡ヨ漿鐩翠笅錛涘埌鐪間笅榪欎竴姝ユ垜
瑙夊緱寰堥仐鎲撅紝浣嗚繕瑕侀潰瀵規樉紺猴紝閲嶆柊瀵繪壘鑳藉彂鎸ユ垜鑳藉姏鐨勮垶鍙般?#8221;鍚屼竴涓潰璇曢棶棰樺茍闈炲彧鏈変竴涓瓟妗堬紝鑰屽悓涓涓瓟妗堝茍涓嶆槸鍦ㄤ換浣曢潰璇曞満鍚堥兘鏈夋晥錛屽叧閿湪搴旇仒鑰呮帉
鎻′簡瑙勫緥鍚庯紝瀵歸潰璇曠殑鍏蜂綋鎯呭喌榪涜鎶婃彙錛屾湁鎰忚瘑鍦版彛鎽╅潰璇曞畼鎻愬嚭闂鐨勫績鐞嗚儗鏅紝鐒跺悗鎶曞叾鎵濂姐?br>鍒嗘瀽錛氶櫎闈炴槸钖祫澶綆錛屾垨鑰呮槸鏈鍒濈殑宸ヤ綔錛屽惁鍒欎笉
瑕佺敤钖祫浣滀負鐞嗙敱銆?#8220;姹傚彂灞?#8221;涔熻鑰冨畼鍚緱澶錛岀鑱岀悊鐢辮鏍規嵁姣忎釜浜虹殑鐪熷疄紱昏亴鐞嗙敱鏉ヨ璁★紝浣嗘槸鍦ㄥ洖絳旀椂涓瀹氳琛ㄧ幇寰楃湡璇氥傚疄鍦ㄦ兂涓嶅嚭鏉ョ殑鏃跺欙紝瀹跺湪澶?
鍦板彲浠ヨ鏄洜涓哄涓湁浜嬶紝欏昏鍋囧嚑涓湀錛屽叕鍙稿張涓嶅彲鑳藉噯鍋囷紝鎵浠ヨ緸鑱屻傝繖涓瓟妗堜竴鑸潰璇曞畼榪樿兘鎺ュ彈銆?br>48銆?#8220;浣犲伐浣滅粡楠屾瑺緙猴紝濡備綍鑳借儨浠昏繖欏瑰伐浣滐紵”
鍥?
絳旀彁紺猴細鈶犲鏋滄嫑鑱樺崟浣嶅搴斿眾姣曚笟鐢熺殑搴旇仒鑰呮彁鍑鴻繖涓棶棰橈紝璇存槑鎷涜仒鍏徃騫朵笉鐪熸鍦ㄤ箮“緇忛獙”錛屽叧閿湅搴旇仒鑰呮庢牱鍥炵瓟錛涒憽瀵硅繖涓棶棰樼殑鍥炵瓟鏈濂借浣撶幇鍑哄簲
鑱樿呯殑璇氭伋銆佹満鏅恒佹灉鏁㈠強鏁笟錛涒憿濡?#8220;浣滀負搴斿眾姣曚笟鐢燂紝鍦ㄥ伐浣滅粡楠屾柟闈㈢殑紜細鏈夋墍嬈犵己錛屽洜姝ゅ湪璇諱功鏈熼棿鎴戜竴鐩村埄鐢ㄥ悇縐嶆満浼氬湪榪欎釜琛屼笟閲屽仛鍏艱亴銆傛垜涔熷彂鐜幫紝
瀹為檯宸ヤ綔榪滄瘮涔︽湰鐭ヨ瘑涓板瘜銆佸鏉傘備絾鎴戞湁杈冨己鐨勮矗浠誨績銆侀傚簲鑳藉姏鍜屽涔犺兘鍔涳紝鑰屼笖姣旇緝鍕ゅ錛屾墍浠ュ湪鍏艱亴涓潎鑳藉渾婊″畬鎴愬悇欏瑰伐浣滐紝浠庝腑鑾峰彇鐨勭粡楠屼篃浠ゆ垜鍙楃泭
闈炴祬銆傝璐靛叕鍙告斁蹇冿紝瀛︽牎鎵瀛﹀強鍏艱亴鐨勫伐浣滅粡楠屼嬌鎴戜竴瀹氳兘鑳滀換榪欎釜鑱屼綅銆?#8221;
鍒嗘瀽錛氳繖涓棶棰樻濊礬涓殑絳旀灝氬彲銆傜獊鍑鴻嚜宸辯殑鍚冭嫤鑳藉姏鍜岄傚簲鎬т互鍙婂涔犺兘鍔涳紙涓嶆槸瀛︿範鎴愮嘩錛変負濂姐?br>49銆佷負浜嗗仛濂戒綘宸ヤ綔浠藉涔嬩簨錛屼綘璇ユ庢牱鑾峰緱浠栦漢鐨勬敮鎸佸拰甯姪錛?br>
鍥?
絳旀彁紺猴細姣忎釜鍏徃閮藉湪涓嶆柇鍙樺寲鍙戝睍鐨勮繃紼嬩腑錛涗綘褰撶劧甯屾湜浣犵殑鍛樺伐涔熸槸榪欐牱銆備綘甯屾湜寰楀埌閭d簺甯屾湜騫舵榪庡彉鍖栫殑浜猴紝鍥犱負榪欎簺浜烘槑鐧斤紝涓轟簡鍏徃鐨勫彂灞曪紝鍙樺寲鏄叕
鍙告棩甯哥敓媧諱腑閲嶈緇勬垚閮ㄥ垎銆傝繖鏍風殑鍛樺伐寰寰寰堝鏄撻傚簲鍏徃鐨勫彉鍖栵紝騫朵細瀵瑰彉鍖栧仛鍑虹Н鏋佺殑鍝嶅簲銆傛澶栵紝浠栦滑閬囧埌鐭涚浘鍜岄棶棰樻椂錛屼篃鑳芥嘲鐒跺涔嬨備笅闈㈢殑闂鑳藉
鑰冩牳搴旇仒鑰呰繖鏂歸潰鐨勮兘鍔涖?br>鎹鏈変漢鑳戒粠瀹歸伩鍏嶆闈㈠啿紿併傝璁蹭竴涓嬩綘鍦ㄨ繖鏂歸潰鐨勭粡楠屽拰鎶宸с?br>鏈変簺鏃跺欙紝鎴戜滑寰楀拰鎴戜滑涓嶅枩嬈㈢殑浜哄湪涓璧峰叡浜嬨傝璇翠綘鏇劇粡鍏嬫湇浜嗘ф牸鏂歸潰鐨勫啿紿佽屽彇寰楅鏈熷伐浣滄晥鏋滅殑緇忓巻銆?br>50銆佸鏋滀綘鍦ㄨ繖嬈¢潰璇曚腑娌℃湁琚綍鐢紝浣犳庝箞鎵撶畻錛?br>
鍥?
絳旀彁紺猴細鐜板湪鐨勭ぞ浼氭槸涓涓珵浜夌殑紺句細,浠庤繖嬈¢潰璇曚腑涔熷彲鐪嬪嚭榪欎竴鐐?鏈夌珵浜夊氨蹇呯劧鏈変紭鍔?鏈夋垚鍔熷繀瀹氬氨浼氭湁澶辮觸.寰寰鎴愬姛鐨勮儗鍚庢湁璁稿鐨勫洶闅懼拰鎸姌,濡傛灉
榪欐澶辮觸浜嗕篃浠呬粎鏄竴嬈¤屽凡,鍙湁緇忚繃緇忛獙緇忓巻鐨勭Н绱墠鑳藉閫犲嚭涓涓畬鍏ㄧ殑鎴愬姛鑰呫傛垜浼氫粠浠ヤ笅鍑犱釜鏂歸潰鏉ユ紜湅寰呰繖嬈″け璐?
絎竴銆佽鏁簬闈㈠,闈㈠榪欐澶辮觸涓嶆皵棣?鎺ュ彈宸茬粡澶卞幓浜嗚繖嬈℃満浼氬氨涓嶄細鍥炲ご榪欎釜鐜板疄,浠庡績鐞嗘剰蹇楀拰綺劇涓婁綋鐜板嚭瀵硅繖嬈″け璐ョ殑鎶墊姉鍔涖傝鏈夎嚜淇?鐩鎬俊鑷繁緇忓巻浜嗚繖嬈′箣鍚庣粡榪囧姫鍔涗竴瀹氳兘琛?鑳藉瓚呰秺鑷垜.
絎簩銆佸杽浜庡弽鎬?瀵逛簬榪欐闈㈣瘯緇忛獙瑕佽鐪熸葷粨,鎬濊冨墫鏋?鑳藉浠庤嚜韜殑瑙掑害鎵懼樊璺濄傛紜寰呰嚜宸?瀹炰簨姹傛槸鍦拌瘎浠瘋嚜宸?杈╄瘉鐨勭湅寰呰嚜宸辯殑闀跨煭寰楀け,鍋氫竴涓槑鐧戒漢.
絎笁銆佽蛋鍑洪槾褰?瑕佸厠鏈嶈繖涓嬈″け璐ュ甫緇欒嚜宸辯殑蹇冪悊鍘嬪姏,鏃跺埢鐗㈣鑷繁寮辯偣,闃叉偅浜庢湭鐒?鍔犲己瀛︿範,鎻愰珮鑷韓绱犺川.
絎洓銆佽鐪熷伐浣?鍥炲埌鍘熷崟浣嶅矖浣嶄笂鍚?瑕佸疄瀹炲湪鍦ㄣ佽笍韙忓疄瀹炲湴宸ヤ綔,涓夊崄鍏,琛岃鍑虹姸鍏?浜夊彇鍦ㄦ湰宀椾綅涓婂仛鍑轟竴瀹氱殑鎴愮嘩.
絎簲銆佸啀鎺ュ啀鍘?鎴愪負鍥藉鍏姟鍛樹竴鐩存槸鎴戠殑姊︽兂,浠ュ悗濡傛灉鏈夋満浼氭垜浠嶇劧鍚庡啀嬈″弬鍔犵珵浜?
51銆佸亣濡備綘鏅氫笂瑕佸幓閫佷竴涓嚭鍥界殑鍚屽鍘繪満鍦猴紝鍙崟浣嶄復鏃舵湁浜嬮潪浣犲姙涓嶅彲錛屼綘鎬庝箞鍔烇紵
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氭垜瑙夊緱宸ヤ綔鏄涓浣嶇殑錛屼絾鏈嬪弸闂寸殑鎯呰皧涔熸槸涓嶈兘鍋忓簾鐨勩傝繖涓棶棰樻垜瑙夊緱瑕佹寜鐓у綋鏃跺叿浣撶殑鎯呭喌鏉ュ喅瀹氥?br>錛?錛夈佸鏋滄垜鐨勬湅鍙嬫櫄涓?鐐逛腑鐨勯鏈猴紝鑰屾垜鐨?鍔犵彮鍏偣灝辮兘澶熷畬鎴愮殑璇濓紝閭e氨鏈鐞嗘兂浜嗭紝騫插畬宸ヤ綔鍘繪満鍦猴紝鐨嗗ぇ嬈㈠枩銆?br>錛?錛夈佸鏋滆宸ヤ綔涓嶆槸寰堢揣鎬ワ紝鍔犵彮浠呬粎鏄負浜嗘槑澶╀笂鐝殑鏃跺欒兘鎶婃姤鍛婁氦鍒板姙鍏錛岄偅瀹屽叏鍙互璺熼瀵兼墦澹版嫑鍛鹼紝鍏堝幓鏈哄満鐒跺悗鍥炴潵鍔犵彮錛屾櫄鐐圭潯灝辨槸浜嗐?br>錛?錛夈佸鏋滃伐浣滃緢绱фワ紝涓よ呬笉鍙兘鍏奸【鐨勬儏鍐典笅錛屾垜瑙夊緱鍙互鐢變袱縐嶉夋嫨銆?錛夊鏋滀笉鏄叏鍗曚綅閮藉姞鐝殑璇濓紝鏄笉鏄彲浠ヨ鍏朵粬鍚屼簨鏉ヤ唬鏇夸互涓嬪伐浣滐紝鑷繁鍘繪満鍦猴紝鍝曞氨鏄唬鏇夸綘紱誨紑鐨勯偅涓浼氬効銆?錛夊鏋滆繛榪欎竴鐐歸兘鍋氫笉鍒扮殑璇濓紝
閭e彧濂藉繝涔変笉鑳戒袱鍏ㄤ簡錛屾墦鐢佃瘽緇欐湅鍙嬭В閲婁竴涓嬶紝灝忓績浠栦細鐞嗚В錛屾瘯绔熷伐浣滃仛瀹屼簡灝卞畬浜嗭紝鏈嬪弸榪樻槸鍙互鍐嶈闈㈢殑銆?br>52銆佸鏋滈氳繃榪欐闈㈣瘯鎴戜滑鍗曚綅褰曠敤浜嗕綘錛屼絾宸ヤ綔涓孌墊椂闂村嵈鍙戠幇浣犳牴鏈笉閫傚悎榪欎釜鑱屼綅錛屼綘鎬庝箞鍔烇紵
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氫竴孌墊椂闂村彂鐜板伐浣滀笉閫傚悎鎴戯紝鏈変袱縐嶆儏鍐碉細
1銆佸鏋滀綘紜疄鐑埍榪欎釜鑱屼笟錛岄偅浣犲氨瑕佷笉鏂涔狅紝铏氬績鍚戦瀵煎拰鍚屼簨瀛︿範涓氬姟鐭ヨ瘑鍜屽浜嬬粡楠岋紝浜嗚В榪欎釜鑱屼笟鐨勭簿紲炲唴娑靛拰鑱屼笟瑕佹眰錛屽姏浜夊噺灝戝樊璺濓紱
2銆佷綘瑙夊緱榪欎釜鑱屼笟鍙湁鍙棤錛岄偅榪樻槸瓚佹棭鎹釜鑱屼笟錛屽幓鍙戠幇閫傚悎浣犵殑錛屼綘鐑埍鐨勮亴涓氾紝閭f牱浣犵殑鍙戝睍鍓嶉斾篃浼氬ぇ鐐癸紝瀵瑰崟浣嶅拰涓漢閮芥湁濂藉銆?br>53銆佷綘鍋氳繃鐨勫摢浠朵簨鏈浠よ嚜宸辨劅鍒伴獎鍌?
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氳繖鏄冨畼緇欎綘鐨勪竴涓満浼氾紝璁╀綘灞曠ず鑷繁鎶婃彙鍛借繍鐨勮兘鍔涖傝繖浼氫綋鐜頒綘娼滃湪鐨勯瀵艱兘鍔涗互鍙婁綘琚彁鍗囩殑鍙兘鎬с傚亣濡備綘搴旇仒浜庝竴涓湇鍔℃ц川鐨勫崟浣嶏紝浣犲緢鍙兘浼氳閭璇峰幓鍗堥銆傝浣忥細浣犵殑鍓嶉斿彇鍐充簬浣犵殑鐭ヨ瘑銆佷綘鐨勭ぞ浜よ兘鍔涘拰緇煎悎琛ㄧ幇銆?br>54銆佽皥璋堜綘榪囧幓鍋氳繃鐨勬垚鍔熸渚?br>
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氫婦涓涓綘鏈鏈夋妸鎻$殑渚嬪瓙錛屾妸鏉ラ緳鍘昏剦璇存竻妤氾紝鑰屼笉瑕佽浜嗗緢澶氬嵈娌℃湁閲嶇偣銆傚垏蹇屽じ澶у叾璇嶏紝鎶婂埆浜虹殑鍔熷姵鍒拌鎴愯嚜宸辯殑錛屽緢澶氫富綆′負浜嗙‘淇濊鐢ㄧ殑浜烘槸鏈閫傚悎鐨勶紝浼氭墦鐢佃瘽鍚戜綘鐨勫墠涓涓富綆″緛璇㈠浣犵殑鐪嬫硶鍙婃剰瑙侊紝鎵浠ュ鏋滆璋庯紝鏄緢瀹規槗絀挎鐨勩?br>55銆佽皥璋堜綘榪囧幓鐨勫伐浣滅粡楠屼腑錛屾渶浠や綘鎸姌鐨勪簨鎯?br>
鍥?
絳旀彁紺猴細鏇劇粡鎺ヨЕ榪囦竴涓鎴鳳紝鍘熸湰灝辨湁鑰抽椈浠栦滑浠ユ寫鍓斿嚭鍚嶏紝鎵浠ヤ簨鍓嶇殑鍑嗗鍔熷か鍋氬緱鍗佸垎鍏呭垎錛屼篃鎶曞叆浜嗙浉褰撳鐨勬椂闂翠笌綺懼姏錛屾渶鍚庡鎴瘋櫧鐒跺茍娌℃湁鐓у崟鍏ㄦ敹錛?
浣嗘槸鎺ュ彈鐨勭▼搴﹀凡緇忓嚭涔庢垜浠剰鏂欎箣澶栦簡銆傚師浠ヤ負浠庢鍙互鍚堜綔鎰夊揩錛屽嵈寰楃煡瀹㈡埛鏈鍚庡洜涓洪綆楀叧緋婚夋嫨浜嗗彟涓瀹朵唬鐞嗗晢錛屼箣鍓嶇殑鍔姏鍥犺屼粯璇告祦姘淬傚敖綆″姝わ紝鎴?
榪樻槸浠庤繖嬈$殑緇忛獙瀛﹀埌寰堝錛屽瀵硅浜т笟鐨勪簡瑙o紝鏁翠釜team鐨勯粯濂戜篃鏇村ソ浜嗐?br>鍒嗘瀽錛氬熸浜嗚В浣犲鎸姌鐨勫蹇嶅害鍙婅皟瑙f柟寮忋?br>56銆佸浣曞畨鎺掕嚜宸辯殑鏃墮棿錛熶細涓嶄細鎺掓枼鍔犵彮錛?br>
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氬熀鏈笂錛屽鏋滀笂鐝伐浣滄湁鏁堢巼錛屽伐浣滈噺鍚堢悊鐨勮瘽錛屽簲璇ヤ笉澶渶瑕佸姞鐝傚彲鏄垜涔熺煡閬撴湁鏃跺欏緢闅鵑伩鍏嶅姞鐝紝鍔犱笂鐜板湪宸ヤ綔閮介噰鐢ㄨ矗浠誨埗錛屾墍浠ユ垜浼氳皟閰嶈嚜宸辯殑鏃墮棿錛屽叏鍔涢厤鍚堛?br>鍒嗘瀽錛氳櫧鐒朵笉浼氭湁浜哄績鐢樻儏鎰跨殑鍔犵彮錛屼絾渚濇棫瑕佽〃鐜板嚭楂橀厤鍚堝害鐨勮瘹鎰忋?br>57銆佷負浠涔堟垜浠鍦ㄤ紬澶氱殑闈㈣瘯鑰呬腑閫夋嫨浣狅紵
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氭牴鎹垜瀵硅吹鍏徃鐨勪簡瑙o紝浠ュ強鎴戝湪榪欎喚宸ヤ綔涓婃墍绱Н鐨勪笓涓氥佺粡楠屽強浜鴻剦錛岀浉淇℃鏄吹鍏徃鎵鎵懼鐨勪漢鎵嶃傝屾垜鍦ㄥ伐浣滄佸害銆侊譏錛變笂錛屼篃鏈夊渾铻嶃佹垚鐔熺殑涓闈紝鍜屼富綆°佸悓浜嬮兘鑳藉悎浣滄剦蹇?br>鍒嗘瀽錛氬埆榪囧害鍚瑰槝鑷繁鐨勮兘鍔涳紝鎴栦俊鍙e紑娌沖湴涔卞紑鏀エ錛屼緥濡備竴瀹氫細涓鴻鍏徃甯︽潵澶氬皯閽辯殑涓氬姟絳夛紝榪欐牱寰堝鏄撶粰浜轟竴縐嶇埍璇村ぇ璇濄佷笉鍒囧疄闄呯殑鎰熻銆?br>58銆佸榪欎釜鑱屽姟鐨勬湡璁革紵
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氬笇鏈涜兘鍊熸鍙戞尌鎴戠殑鎵瀛﹀強涓撻暱錛屽悓鏃朵篃鍚告敹璐靛叕鍙稿湪榪欐柟闈㈢殑緇忛獙錛屽氨鍏徃銆佹垜涓漢鑰岃█錛岀紨閫?#8220;鍙岃耽”鐨勫眬闈€?br>鍒嗘瀽錛氬洖絳斿墠涓嶅Θ鍏堣闂鍏徃瀵硅繖欏硅亴鍔$殑璐d換璁ゅ畾鍙婂綊灞烇紝鍥犱負姣忎竴瀹跺叕鍙哥殑鐘跺喌涓嶅敖鐩稿悓銆備互鍏嶈浜嗕竴鍫嗙悊鎯蟲姳璐熷嵈鍙戠幇鐗涘ご涓嶅椹槾銆?br>59銆佷負浠涔堥夋嫨榪欎釜鑱屽姟錛?br>
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氾細榪欎竴鐩存槸鎴戠殑鍏磋叮鍜屼笓闀匡紝緇忚繃榪欏嚑騫寸殑紓ㄧ粌錛屼篃绱Н浜嗕竴瀹氱殑緇忛獙鍙婁漢鑴夛紝鐩鎬俊鎴戜竴瀹氳兘鑳滀換榪欎釜鑱屽姟鐨勩?br>鍒嗘瀽錛氶傛椂涓懼嚭榪囧幓鐨?#8220;涓板姛浼熶笟”錛岃〃鐜板嚭浣犲榪欎喚鑱屽姟鐨勭啛紼斿害錛屼絾閬垮厤榪囦簬澶稿紶鐨勫艦瀹規垨嫻佷簬鐐銆?br>60銆佷負浠涔堥夋嫨鎴戜滑榪欏鍏徃錛?br>
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氭浘緇忓湪鎶ョ珷鏉傚織鐪嬭繃鍏充簬璐靛叕鍙哥殑鎶ラ亾錛屼笌鑷繁鎵榪芥眰鐨勭悊蹇墊湁蹇椾竴鍚屻傝岃吹鍏徃鍦ㄤ笟鐣岀殑鎴愮嘩涔熸槸鏈夌洰鍏辯澒鐨勶紝鑰屼笖瀵瑰憳宸ョ殑鏁欒偛璁粌銆佸崌榪佺瓑涔熼兘寰堟湁鍒跺害銆?br>鍒嗘瀽錛氬幓闈㈣瘯鍓嶅厛鍋氬姛璇撅紝浜嗚В涓涓嬭鍏徃鐨勮儗鏅紝璁╁鏂硅寰椾綘鐪熺殑寰堟湁蹇冩兂寰楀埌榪欎喚宸ヤ綔錛岃屼笉鍙槸鎺㈡帰璺?br>61銆佷綘璁や負浣犲湪瀛︽牎灞炰簬濂藉鐢熷悧錛?br>
鍥?
絳旀彁紺猴細浼佷笟鐨勬嫑鑱樿呭緢綺炬槑錛岄棶榪欎釜闂鍙互璇曟帰鍑哄緢澶氶棶棰橈細濡傛灉姹傝亴鑰呭涔犳垚緇╁ソ錛屽氨浼氳錛?#8220;鏄殑錛屾垜鐨勬垚緇╁緢濂斤紝鎵鏈夌殑鎴愮嘩閮藉緢浼樺紓銆傚綋鐒訛紝鍒ゆ柇涓涓?
瀛︾敓鏄笉鏄ソ瀛︾敓鏈夊緢澶氭爣鍑嗭紝鍦ㄥ鏍℃湡闂存垜璁や負鎴愮嘩鏄噸瑕佺殑錛屽叾浠栨柟闈㈠寘鎷濇兂閬撳痙銆佸疄璺電粡楠屻佸洟闃熺簿紲炪佹矡閫氳兘鍔涗篃閮芥槸寰堥噸瑕佺殑錛屾垜鍦ㄨ繖浜涙柟闈篃鍋氬緱寰?
濂斤紝搴旇璇存垜鏄竴涓叏闈㈠彂灞曠殑瀛︾敓銆?#8221;濡傛灉姹傝亴鑰呮垚緇╀笉灝界悊鎯籌紝渚夸細璇達細“鎴戣涓烘槸涓嶆槸涓涓ソ瀛︾敓鐨勬爣鍑嗘槸澶氬厓鍖栫殑錛屾垜鐨勫涔犳垚緇╄繕鍙互錛屽湪鍏朵粬鏂歸潰鎴戠殑
琛ㄧ幇涔熷緢紿佸嚭錛屾瘮濡傛垜鍘誨緢澶氬湴鏂瑰疄涔犺繃錛屾垜寰堝枩嬈㈠湪蹇妭濂忓拰鍘嬪姏涓嬪伐浣滐紝鎴戝湪瀛︾敓浼氱粍緇囪繃 ××媧誨姩錛岄敾鐐間簡鎴戠殑鍥㈤槦鍚堜綔綺劇鍜岀粍緇囪兘鍔涖?#8221;
鏈夌粡楠岀殑鎷涜仒鑰呬竴鍚氨浼氭槑鐧斤紝浼佷笟鍠滄璇氬疄鐨勬眰鑱岃呫?br>62銆佽璋堣皥濡備綍閫傚簲鍔炲叕瀹ゅ伐浣滅殑鏂扮幆澧冿紵
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず鈶犲姙鍏閲屾瘡涓漢鏈夊悇鑷殑宀椾綅涓庤亴璐o紝涓嶅緱鎿呯宀椾綅銆?br>鈶℃牴鎹瀵兼寚紺哄拰宸ヤ綔瀹夋帓錛屽埗瀹氬伐浣滆鍒掞紝鎻愬墠棰勫錛屽茍鎸夎鍒掑畬鎴愩?br>鈶㈠璇風ず騫跺強鏃舵眹鎶ワ紝閬囧埌涓嶆槑鐧界殑瑕佽櫄蹇冭鏁欍?br>鈶f姄闂撮殭鏃墮棿錛屽瀛︿範錛屽姫鍔涙彁楂樿嚜宸辯殑鏀挎不绱犺川鍜屼笟鍔℃按騫熾?br>63銆佸湪宸ヤ綔涓涔犲埌浜嗕簺浠涔堬紵
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氳繖鏄拡瀵硅漿鑱岃呮彁鍑虹殑闂錛屽緩璁鏃跺彲浠ラ厤鍚堥潰璇曞伐浣滅殑鐗圭偣浣滀負涓昏渚濇嵁鏉ュ洖絳旓紝濡備笟鍔″伐浣滈渶瑕佷笌浜烘矡閫氾紝渚垮彲涓懼嚭涔嬪墠宸ヤ綔涓庝漢娌熼氱殑渚嬪瓙錛岀粡鍘嗕簡鍝簺鍥伴毦錛屽涔犲埌鍝簺緇忛獙錛屾妸鎻¤繖浜涜鐐瑰仛闄堣堪錛屽氨鍙互杞繪槗榪囧叧浜?br>64銆佹湁鎯寵繃鍒涗笟鍚楋紵
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氳繖涓棶棰樺彲浠ユ樉紺轟綘鐨勫啿鍔詫紝浣嗗鏋滀綘鐨勫洖絳旀槸“鏈?#8221;鐨勮瘽錛屽崈涓囧皬蹇冿紝涓嬩竴涓棶棰樺彲鑳藉氨鏄?#8220;閭d箞涓轟粈涔堜綘涓嶈繖鏍峰仛鍛紵”
65銆佹渶鑳芥鎷綘鑷繁鐨勪笁涓瘝鏄粈涔堬紵
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氭垜緇忓父鐢ㄧ殑涓変釜璇嶆槸錛氶傚簲鑳藉姏寮猴紝鏈夎矗浠誨績鍜屽仛浜嬫湁濮嬬粓錛岀粨鍚堝叿浣撲緥瀛愬悜涓昏冨畼瑙i噴錛屼嬌浠栦滑瑙夊緱浣犲叿鏈夊彂灞曟綔鍔?br>66銆佷綘璁や負浣犲湪瀛︽牎灞炰簬濂藉鐢熷悧錛?br>
鍥?
絳旀彁紺猴細浼佷笟鐨勬嫑鑱樿呭緢綺炬槑錛岄棶榪欎釜闂鍙互璇曟帰鍑哄緢澶氶棶棰橈細濡傛灉姹傝亴鑰呭涔犳垚緇╁ソ錛屽氨浼氳錛?#8220;鏄殑錛屾垜鐨勬垚緇╁緢濂斤紝鎵鏈夌殑鎴愮嘩閮藉緢浼樺紓銆傚綋鐒訛紝鍒ゆ柇涓涓?
瀛︾敓鏄笉鏄ソ瀛︾敓鏈夊緢澶氭爣鍑嗭紝鍦ㄥ鏍℃湡闂存垜璁や負鎴愮嘩鏄噸瑕佺殑錛屽叾浠栨柟闈㈠寘鎷濇兂閬撳痙銆佸疄璺電粡楠屻佸洟闃熺簿紲炪佹矡閫氳兘鍔涗篃閮芥槸寰堥噸瑕佺殑錛屾垜鍦ㄨ繖浜涙柟闈篃鍋氬緱寰?
濂斤紝搴旇璇存垜鏄竴涓叏闈㈠彂灞曠殑瀛︾敓銆?#8221;濡傛灉姹傝亴鑰呮垚緇╀笉灝界悊鎯籌紝渚夸細璇達細“鎴戣涓烘槸涓嶆槸涓涓ソ瀛︾敓鐨勬爣鍑嗘槸澶氬厓鍖栫殑錛屾垜鐨勫涔犳垚緇╄繕鍙互錛屽湪鍏朵粬鏂歸潰鎴戠殑
琛ㄧ幇涔熷緢紿佸嚭錛屾瘮濡傛垜鍘誨緢澶氬湴鏂瑰疄涔犺繃錛屾垜寰堝枩嬈㈠湪蹇妭濂忓拰鍘嬪姏涓嬪伐浣滐紝鎴戝湪瀛︾敓浼氱粍緇囪繃 ××媧誨姩錛岄敾鐐間簡鎴戠殑鍥㈤槦鍚堜綔綺劇鍜岀粍緇囪兘鍔涖?#8221;
鏈夌粡楠岀殑鎷涜仒鑰呬竴鍚氨浼氭槑鐧斤紝浼佷笟鍠滄璇氬疄鐨勬眰鑱岃呫?br>67銆侀櫎浜嗘湰鍏徃澶栵紝榪樺簲鑱樹簡鍝簺鍏徃錛?br>
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氬緢濂囨紝榪欐槸鐩稿綋澶氬叕鍙鎬細闂殑闂錛屽叾鐢ㄦ剰鏄姒傜暐鐭ラ亾搴斿鏡鑰呯殑姹傝亴蹇楀悜錛屾墍浠ヨ繖騫墮潪緇濆鏄礋闈㈢瓟妗堬紝灝辯畻涓嶄究璇村嚭鍏徃鍚嶇О錛屼篃搴斿洖絳?#8220;閿鍞悓縐嶄駭鍝佺殑鍏徃”錛屽鏋滃簲鑱樼殑鍏朵粬鍏徃鏄笉鍚屼笟鐣岋紝瀹規槗璁╀漢浜х敓鏃犳硶淇′換鐨勬劅瑙夈?br>68銆佷綍鏃跺彲浠ュ埌鑱岋紵
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氬ぇ澶氭暟浼佷笟浼氬叧蹇冨氨鑱屾椂闂達紝鏈濂芥槸鍥炵瓟\’濡傛灉琚綍鐢ㄧ殑璇濓紝鍒拌亴鏃ュ彲鎸夊叕鍙歌瀹氫笂鐝?#8221;錛屼絾濡傛灉榪樻湭杈炲幓涓婁竴涓伐浣溿佷笂鐝椂闂村張澶繎錛屼技涔庢湁浜涘己浜烘墍闅撅紝鍥犱負浜ゆ帴鑷沖皯瑕佷竴涓湀鐨勬椂闂達紝搴旇繘涓姝ヨ鏄庡師鍥狅紝褰曞彇鍏徃搴旇浼氶氳瀺鐨?br>69銆佷綘騫墮潪姣曚笟浜庡悕鐗岄櫌鏍★紵
鍥炵瓟鎻愮ず錛氭槸鍚︽瘯涓氫簬鍚嶇墝闄㈡牎涓嶉噸瑕侊紝閲嶈鐨勬槸鏈夎兘鍔涘畬鎴愭偍浜ょ粰鎴戠殑宸ヤ綔錛屾垜鎺ュ彈浜嗗寳澶ч潚楦熺殑鑱屼笟鍩硅錛屾帉鎻$殑鎶鑳藉畬鍏ㄥ彲浠ヨ儨浠昏吹鍏徃鐜板湪宸ヤ綔錛岃屼笖鎴戞瘮涓浜涘悕鐗岄櫌鏍$殑搴斿眾姣曚笟鐢熺殑鍔ㄦ墜鑳藉姏榪樿寮猴紝鎴戞兂鎴戞洿閫傚悎璐靛叕鍙歌繖涓亴浣嶃?br>70銆佷綘鎬庢牱鐪嬪緟瀛﹀巻鍜岃兘鍔涳紵
鍥?
絳旀彁紺猴細瀛﹀巻鎴戞兂鍙鏄ぇ瀛︿笓縐戠殑瀛﹀巻錛屽氨琛ㄦ槑瑙夊緱鎴戝叿澶囦簡鏍規湰鐨勫涔犺兘鍔涖傚墿涓嬬殑錛屼綘鏄澹篃濂斤紝榪樻槸鍗氬+涔熷ソ錛屽浜庤繖涓鐐圭殑璁ㄨ錛屼笉鏄湅浣犲浜嗗灝戠煡
璇嗭紝鑰屾槸鐪嬩綘鍦ㄨ繖涓鍩熶笂鍙戞尌浜嗕粈涔堬紝涔熷氨鏄墍璇寸殑鑳藉姏闂銆備竴涓漢宸ヤ綔鑳藉姏鐨勯珮浣庣洿鎺ュ喅瀹氬叾鑱屽満鍛借繍錛岃屽鍘嗙殑楂樹綆鍙槸榪涘叆涓涓紒涓氱殑鏁查棬鐮栵紝濡傛灉璐靛叕
鍙告妸瀛﹀巻鍗″湪鍗氬+涓婏紝鎴戝氨鏃犳硶榪涘叆璐靛叕鍙革紝褰撶劧榪欎笉涓瀹氬彧鏄垜涓漢鐨勬崯澶憋紝濡傛灉涓涓笓縐戠敓閮借兘瀹屾垚鐨勫伐浣滐紝鎮ㄥ張浣曞繀闈炶鎷涜仒涓浣嶅崥澹敓鍛紵
from:
http://blog.ceconlinebbs.com/BLOG_ARTICLE_8896.HTM
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鎬濇兂鎴愮啛銆佺簿鏄庤兘騫層佷負浜鴻瘹瀹炪?
Excellent ability of systematical management錛?/font>
鏈夋瀬寮虹殑緋葷粺綆$悊鑳藉姏銆?
Ability to work independent1y錛宮ature and resourcefu1錛?/font>
鑳藉鐙珛宸ヤ綔銆佹濇兂鎴愮啛銆佸簲鍙樿兘鍔涘己銆?
A person with ability plus flexibility should app1y.
闇瑕佹湁鑳藉姏鍙婇傚簲鍔涘己鐨勪漢銆?
A stable personality and high sense of responsibility are desirable.
涓хǔ閲嶃佸叿楂樺害璐d換鎰熴?
Work well with a multi-cultural and diverse work force.
鑳藉鍦ㄤ笉鍚屾枃鍖栧拰宸ヤ綔浜哄憳鐨勮儗鏅笅鍑鴻壊鍦板伐浣溿?
Bright錛宎ggressive applicants.
鍙嶅簲蹇佹湁榪涘彇蹇冪殑搴旇仒鑰呫?
Ambitious attitude essential錛?/font>
鏈夐泟蹇冨.蹇椼?
Initiative錛宨ndependent and good communication skill錛?/font>
縐瀬涓誨姩銆佺嫭绔嬪伐浣滆兘鍔涘己錛屽茍鏈夎壇濂界殑浜ら檯鎶鑳姐?
Willing to work under pressure with leardership quality錛?/font>
鎰挎剰鍦ㄥ帇鍔涗笅宸ヤ綔錛屽茍鍏烽瀵肩礌璐ㄣ?
Willing to assume responsibilities.
搴旇仒鑰呴』鍕囦簬鎸戦噸鎷呫?
Mature錛宻elf-motivated and strong interpersonal skills.
鎬濇兂鎴愮啛銆佷笂榪涘績寮猴紝騫跺叿鏋佷赴瀵岀殑浜洪檯鍏崇郴鎶宸с?
Energetic錛宖ashion-minded person.
綺懼姏鏃虹洓銆佹濇兂鏂版疆銆?
With a pleasant mature attitude.
寮鏈楁垚鐔熴?
Strong determination to succeed錛?/font>
鏈夎幏寰楁垚鍔熺殑鍧氬畾鍐沖績銆?
Strong leadership skills錛?/font>
鏈夋瀬寮虹殑棰嗗鑹烘湳銆?
Ability to work well with others.
鑳藉鍚屼粬浜轟竴閬撳緢濂藉湴宸ヤ綔銆?
Highly-motivated and reliable person with excellent health and pleasant personality.
涓婅繘蹇冨己鍙堝彲闈犺咃紝騫朵笖韜綋鍋ュ悍銆佹ф牸寮鏈椼?
The ability to initiate and operate independently.
鏈夊垱涓氳兘鍔涳紝騫惰兘鐙珛鍦頒粠涓氥?
Strong leadership skill while possessing a great team spirit.
鏈夊緢楂樼殑棰嗗鑹烘湳鍜屽緢寮虹殑闆嗕綋綺劇銆?
Be highly organized and effecient錛?/font>
宸ヤ綔寰堟湁鏉$悊錛屽姙浜嬫晥鐜囬珮銆?
Willing to learn and progress錛?/font>
鑲涔犺繘鍙栥?
Good presentation skills.
鏈夎壇濂界殑琛ㄨ揪鑳藉姏銆?
Positive active mind essential錛?/font>
鏈夌Н鏋併佺伒媧葷殑澶磋剳銆?
Ability to deal with personnel at all levels effectively銆?/font>
鍠勪簬鍚屽悇縐嶄漢鍛樻墦浜ら亾銆?
Have positive work attitude and be willing and able to work diligently without supervision銆?/font>
鏈夌Н鏋佺殑宸ヤ綔鎬佸害錛屾効鎰忓拰鑳藉鍦ㄦ病鏈夌洃鐫g殑鎯呭喌涓嬪嫟濂嬪湴宸ヤ綔銆?
Young錛宐right錛宔nergetic with strong career-ambition.
騫磋交銆佽仾鏄庛佺簿鍔涘厖娌涳紝騫舵湁寰堝己鐨勪簨涓氬績銆?
Good people management and communication skills. Team player.
鏈夎壇濂界殑浜哄憳綆$悊鍜屼氦闄呰兘鍔涖傝兘鍦ㄩ泦浣撲腑鍙戞尌甯﹀ご浣滅敤銆?
Able to work under high pressure and time limitation.
鑳藉鍦ㄩ珮鍘嬪姏涓嬪拰鏃墮棿闄愬埗涓嬭繘琛屽伐浣溿?
Be elegant and with nice personality.
涓炬浼橀泤銆佷釜浜烘ф牸濂姐?
With good managerial skills and organizational capabilities.
鏈夎壇濂界殑綆$悊鑹烘湳鍜岀粍緇囪兘鍔涖?
The main qualities required are preparedness to work hard, ability to learn, ambition and good health.
涓昏蹇呭绱犺川鏄悆鑻﹁愬姵綺劇濂姐佸涔犺兘鍔涗紭銆佷簨涓氬績寮哄拰韜綋媯掋?
Having good and extensive social connections.
鍏鋒湁鑹ソ鑰屽箍娉涚殑紺句細鍏崇郴銆?
Being active, creative and innonative is a plus.
鎬濇兂媧昏穬銆佹湁棣栧垱鍜岄潻鏂扮簿紲炲挨浣熾?nbsp;
With good analytical capability.
鏈夎緝寮虹殑鍒嗘瀽鑳藉姏
]]>
鎬諱綋鎰熻棰樼洰榪樻槸姣旇緝綆鍗曪紝涓昏鑰僀++閲岄潰鐨勪笢瑗匡紝榪樻湁涓浜泈indows榪涚▼鏈哄埗鐨勯鐩紝鍏蜂綋濡備笅錛?/p>
1.璁茶堪const錛宻tatic錛宔xtern鐨勪綔鐢紱
2.瑕佷綘鎻忚堪媧劇敓綾葷殑鍐呭瓨瀛樺偍鏂瑰紡銆?/p>
3.緇欎綘涓涓?2浣嶇殑鍏繘鍒舵暟錛屽啓涓涓▼搴忚瀹冨掑簭杈撳嚭銆?/p>
4.鍐欎竴涓啋娉℃垨鑰呴夋嫨鎺掑簭鐨勭▼搴忥紝騫跺湪璁茶堪涓涓叾浣欐帓搴忕殑紼嬪簭錛屽茍璁茶堪鍏剁壒鐐廣?/p>
5.浠庝笅闈?涓鐩腑閫夊仛涓棰樻垨鑰呭棰橈細
錛?錛夐潰鍚戝璞℃槸浠涔堟剰鎬濓紝C++鏄浣曞疄鐜扮殑錛?br>錛?錛夊綰跨▼涓殑鍚屾鏈哄埗鏄粈涔堬紝鏈変粈涔堜紭緙虹偣錛?br>錛?錛塗CP涓嶶DP鏈変粈涔堝尯鍒紝鍒嗗埆鏈変粈涔堝叿浣撶殑搴旂敤鍗忚錛?br>錛?錛夛紙涓嶅お璁板緱浜嗭紝濂藉儚鏄叧浜巋ook鐨勶級
錛?錛夊悓姝ユ満鍒剁殑鑰冨療棰樸?/p>
榪欐闈㈣瘯鐨勭瑪璇曢鍒嗕負WPS杞歡鐮斿彂錛屾瘨闇哥爺鍙戜互鍙婃父鎴忔祴璇曚笁涓柟鍚戯紝WPS鏂瑰悜鐨勯姣旇緝闅撅紝璁捐娣卞叆鐨凜++緙栫▼闂錛屾父鎴忔祴璇曞叏鏄畝絳旈錛屽鍒椾婦欖斿吔 涓栫晫鐨勫崄澶х己鐐?涔嬬被鐨勶紝閮藉緢濂藉洖絳旓紝鎰熻灝辨槸閲戝北鐨勭粍緇囪繕鏄瘮杈冩販涔憋紝澶у閮戒竴欏夸貢鎶㈣瘯鍗鳳紝鎼炲緱鍦洪潰寰堢儌錛岃屼笖灝卞彧鏈変袱涓皬mm鍦ㄧ粍緇囩幇鍦猴紝鍛靛懙錛?/p>
絎旇瘯棰?鑵捐鏁版嵁搴撶瑪璇曢錛?br>鍦ㄤ竴涓枃浠朵腑鏈?10G 涓暣鏁幫紝涔卞簭鎺掑垪錛岃姹傛壘鍑轟腑浣嶆暟銆傚唴瀛橀檺鍒朵負 2G銆傚彧鍐欏嚭鎬濊礬鍗沖彲銆?/p>
鑵捐絎旇瘯棰樿В絳?Peak Wong)錛?/p>
銆銆1錛屾妸鏁存暟鍒嗘垚256M孌碉紝姣忔鍙互鐢?4浣嶆暣鏁頒繚瀛樿孌墊暟鎹釜鏁幫紝256M*8 = 2G鍐呭瓨錛屽厛娓?
銆銆2錛岃10G鏁存暟錛屾妸鏁存暟鏄犲皠鍒?56M孌典腑錛屽鍔犵浉搴旀鐨勮鏁?/p>
銆銆3錛屾壂鎻?56M孌電殑璁版暟錛屾壘鍒頒腑浣嶆暟鐨勬鍜屼腑浣嶆暟鐨勬鍓嶉潰鎵鏈夋鐨勮鏁幫紝鍙互鎶婂叾浠栨鐨勫唴瀛橀噴鏀?/p>
銆銆4錛屽洜涓綅鏁版鐨勫彲鑳芥暣鏁板彇鍊煎凡緇忔瘮杈冨皬(濡傛灉鏄?2bit鏁存暟錛屽綋鐒跺鏋滄槸64bit鏁存暟鐨勮瘽錛屽彲浠ュ啀嬈″垎孌?錛屽姣忎釜鏁存暟鍋氫竴涓鏁幫紝鍐嶈涓嬈?0G鏁存暟錛屽彧璇誨彇涓綅鏁版瀵瑰簲鐨勬暣鏁幫紝騫惰緗鏁般?/p>
銆銆5錛屽鏂扮殑璁版暟鎵弿涓嬈★紝鍗沖彲鎵懼埌涓綅鏁般?/p>
銆銆濡傛灉鏄?2bit鏁存暟錛岃10G鏁存暟2嬈★紝鎵弿256M璁版暟涓嬈★紝鍚庝竴嬈¤鏁板洜鏁伴噺寰堝皬錛屽彲浠ュ拷鐣ヤ笉璁般?/p>
銆銆瑙i噴涓涓嬶細鍋囪鏄?2bit鏁存暟錛屾寜鏃犵鍙鋒暣鏁板鐞?/p>
銆銆鏁存暟鍒嗘垚256M孌? 鏁存暟鑼冨洿鏄? - 2^32 - 1 涓鍏辨湁4G縐嶅彇鍊鹼紝4G/256M = 16錛屾瘡16涓暟綆椾竴孌?0-15鏄?孌碉紝16-31鏄竴孌碉紝...
銆銆鏁存暟鏄犲皠鍒?56M孌典腑? 濡傛灉鏁存暟鏄?-15錛屽垯澧炲姞絎竴孌佃鏁幫紝濡傛灉鏁存暟鏄?6-31錛屽垯澧炲姞絎簩孌佃鏁幫紝...
銆銆鍏跺疄鍙互涓嶇敤鍒?56M孌碉紝鍙互鍒嗙殑孌墊暟灝戜竴浜涳紝榪欐牱鍦ㄦ壂鎻忚鏁版鏃朵細蹇竴浜涳紝榪樿兘鑺傜渷涓浜涘唴瀛樸?/p>
Baidu闈㈣瘯絎旇瘯棰?瑙g瓟絳旀
涓銆侀夋嫨棰橈細15鍒?鍏?0棰?
1. 鍦ㄦ帓搴忔柟娉曚腑錛屽叧閿爜姣旇緝嬈℃暟涓庤褰曞湴鍒濆鎺掑垪鏃犲叧鐨勬槸 .
A. Shell鎺掑簭 B. 褰掑茍鎺掑簭 C. 鐩存帴鎻掑叆鎺掑簭 D. 閫夋嫨鎺掑簭
2. 浠ヤ笅澶氱嚎紼嬪int鍨嬪彉閲弜鐨勬搷浣滐紝鍝嚑涓渶瑕佽繘琛屽悓姝ワ細
A. x=y; B. x C. x; D. x=1;
3. 浠g爜
void func() {
static int val;
…
}
涓紝鍙橀噺val鐨勫唴瀛樺湴鍧浣嶄簬錛?
A. 宸插垵濮嬪寲鏁版嵁孌?B.鏈垵濮嬪寲鏁版嵁孌?C.鍫?D.鏍?
4. 鍚屼竴榪涚▼涓嬬殑綰跨▼鍙互鍏變韓浠ヤ笅
A. stack B. data section
C. register set D. thread ID
5. TCP鍜孖P鍒嗗埆瀵瑰簲浜?OSI涓殑鍝嚑灞傦紵
A. Application layer
B. Data link layer
C. Presentation layer
D. Physical layer
E. Transport layer
F. Session layer
G. Network layer
6. short a[100]錛宻izeof(a)榪斿洖錛?
A 2 B 4 C 100 D 200 E 400
7. 浠ヤ笅鍝涓嶆槸鍩轟簬緇勪歡鐨勫紑鍙戞妧鏈痏____銆?
A XPCOM B XP C COM D CORBA
8. 浠ヤ笅浠g爜鎵撳嵃鐨勭粨鏋滄槸錛堝亣璁捐繍琛屽湪i386緋誨垪璁$畻鏈轟笂錛夛細
struct st_t
{
int status;
short* pdata;
char errstr[32];
};
st_t st[16];
char* p = (char*)(st[2].errstr 32);
printf("%d", (p - (char*)(st)));
A 32 B 114
C 120 D 1112
9. STL涓殑鍝緇撴瀯鏄繛緇艦寮忕殑瀛樺偍
A map B set C list D vector
10. 涓涓爤鐨勫叆鏍堝簭鍒楁槸A錛孊錛孋錛孌錛孍錛屽垯鏍堢殑涓嶅彲鑳界殑杈撳嚭搴忓垪鏄紙 錛?
A銆丒DCBA錛?B銆丏ECBA錛?C銆丏CEAB錛?D銆丄BCDE
浜屻佺畝絳旈錛?0鍒嗭紝鍏?棰?
1. 錛?鍒嗭級閲嶅澶氭fclose涓涓墦寮榪囦竴嬈$殑FILE *fp鎸囬拡浼氭湁浠涔堢粨鏋滐紝騫惰瑙i噴銆?
鑰冨療鐐癸細瀵艱嚧鏂囦歡鎻忚堪絎︾粨鏋勪腑鎸囬拡鎸囧悜鐨勫唴瀛樿閲嶅閲婃斁錛岃繘鑰屽鑷翠竴浜涗笉鍙鏈熺殑寮?br>甯搞?
2. 錛?5鍒嗭級涓嬮潰涓孌典唬鐮侊紝鎯沖湪璋冪敤f2(1)鏃舵墦鍗癳rr1錛岃皟鐢╢2(2)鏃舵墦鍗癳rr4錛屼絾鏄唬鐮?br>涓湁涓浜涢棶棰橈紝璇峰仛灝藉彲鑳藉皯鐨勪慨鏀逛嬌涔嬫紜?
1 static int f1(const char *errstr, unsigned int flag) {
2 int copy, index, len;
3 const static char **__err = {“err1”, “err2”, “err3”, “err4”};
4
5 if(flag & 0x10000)
6 copy = 1;
7 index = (flag & 0x300000) >> 20;
8
9 if(copy) {
10 len = flag & 0xF;
11 errstr = malloc(len);
12 if(errstr = NULL)
13 return -1;
14 strncpy(errstr, __err[index], sizeof(errstr));
15 } else
16 errstr = __err index;
17 }
18
19 void f2(int c) {
20 char *err;
21
22 swtch(c) {
23 case 1:
24 if(f1(err, 0x110004) != -1)
25 printf(err);
26 case 2:
27 if(f2(err, 0x30000D) != -1)
28 printf(err);
29 }
30 }
涓夈佺紪紼嬮錛?0鍒?鍏?棰?
娉ㄦ剰錛氳姹傛彁渚涘畬鏁翠唬鐮侊紝濡傛灉鍙互緙栬瘧榪愯閰屾儏鍔犲垎銆?
1. 姹傜鍚堟寚瀹氳鍒欑殑鏁般?
緇欏畾鍑芥暟d(n) = n n鐨勫悇浣嶄箣鍜岋紝n涓烘鏁存暟錛屽 d(78) = 78 7 8=93銆?榪欐牱榪欎釜鍑芥暟
鍙互鐪嬫垚涓涓敓鎴愬櫒錛屽93鍙互鐪嬫垚鐢?8鐢熸垚銆?
瀹氫箟鏁癆錛氭暟A鎵句笉鍒頒竴涓暟B鍙互鐢眃(B)=A錛屽嵆A涓嶈兘鐢卞叾浠栨暟鐢熸垚銆傜幇鍦ㄨ鍐欑▼搴忥紝鎵懼嚭
1鑷?0000閲岀殑鎵鏈夌鍚堟暟A瀹氫箟鐨勬暟銆?
杈撳嚭錛?
1
3
…
鍥涖佽璁¢錛?5鍒?鍏?棰?
娉ㄦ剰錛氳灝藉彲鑳借緇嗘弿榪頒綘鐨勬暟鎹粨鏋勩佺郴緇熸灦鏋勩佽璁℃濊礬絳夈傚緩璁鍐欎竴浜涗吉浠g爜鎴?br>鑰呮祦紼嬭鏄庛?
1. 鍋囪涓涓猰p3鎼滅儲寮曟搸鏀跺綍浜?^24棣栨瓕鏇詫紝騫惰褰曚簡鍙敹鍚繖浜涙瓕鏇茬殑2^30鏉RL錛屼絾姣?br>棣栨瓕鐨刄RL涓嶈秴榪?^10涓傜郴緇熶細瀹氭湡媯鏌ヨ繖浜沀RL錛屽鏋滀竴涓猆RL涓嶅彲鐢ㄥ垯涓嶅嚭鐜板湪鎼滅儲緇?br>鏋滀腑銆傜幇鍦ㄦ瓕鏇插悕鍜孶RL鍒嗗埆閫氳繃鏁村瀷鐨凷ONG_ID鍜孶RL_ID鍞竴紜畾銆傚璇ョ郴緇熸湁濡備笅闇姹?br>錛?
1) 閫氳繃SONG_ID鎼滅儲涓棣栨瓕鐨刄RL_ID錛岀粰鍑篣RL_ID璁℃暟鍜屽垪琛?
2) 緇欏畾涓涓猄ONG_ID錛屼負鍏舵坊鍔犱竴涓柊鐨刄RL_ID
3) 娣誨姞涓涓柊鐨凷ONG_ID
4) 緇欏畾涓涓猆RL_ID錛屽皢鍏剁疆涓轟笉鍙敤
闄愬埗鏉′歡錛氬唴瀛樺崰鐢ㄤ笉瓚呰繃1G錛屽崟涓枃浠跺ぇ灝忎笉瓚呰繃2G錛屼竴涓洰褰曚笅鐨勬枃浠舵暟涓嶈秴榪?28涓?br>銆?
涓鴻幏寰楁渶浣蟲ц兘錛岃璇存槑璁捐鐨勬暟鎹粨鏋勩佹悳绱㈢畻娉曪紝浠ュ強璧勬簮娑堣椼傚鏋滅郴緇熸暟鎹噺鎵?br>澶э紝璇ュ浣曞鏈哄垎甯冨鐞嗭紵
絎竴棰?br> 綆璇?br> 鐧懼害鐨勪富瑕佷笟鍔℃槸鎼滅儲錛屾悳绱㈢殑鍩烘湰鍘熺悊濡備笅
銆銆1錛庣紪鍐欑埇铏▼搴忓埌浜掕仈緗戜笂鎶撳彇緗戦〉嫻烽噺鐨勭綉欏點?br>銆銆2錛庡皢鎶撳彇鏉ョ殑緗戦〉閫氳繃鎶藉彇錛屼互涓瀹氱殑鏍煎紡淇濆瓨鍦ㄨ兘蹇熸绱㈢殑鏂囦歡緋葷粺涓?br>銆銆3錛庢妸鐢ㄦ埛杈撳叆鐨勫瓧絎︿覆榪涜鎷嗗垎鎴愬叧閿瓧鍘繪枃浠剁郴緇熶腑鏌ヨ騫惰繑鍥炵粨鏋溿?br>銆銆鐢變互涓?鐐瑰彲瑙侊紝瀛楃涓茬殑鍒嗘瀽錛屾娊鍙栧湪鎼滅儲寮曟搸涓殑鍦頒綅鏄綍絳夐噸瑕併?br>銆銆鍥犳錛岀櫨搴︾殑絎旇瘯闈㈣瘯棰樹腑錛屽嚭鐜拌繖鏍風殑棰樺氨鍙樺緱鐞嗘墍褰撶劧浜嗐?br>import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
/** * @author tzy * 鍦╦2sdk1.4.2涓嬫祴璇曢氳繃 */
public class FileNameStat{
private String srcPath;//瑕佺粺璁$殑鏂囦歡璺緞
private Map statMap;//鐢ㄤ簬緇熻鐨刴ap
public FileNameStat(String srcPath)
{
this.srcPath=srcPath;
statMap=new TreeMap();
}
/*鑾峰緱瑕佺粺璁$殑URL鐨勬枃浠跺悕*/
public String getFileName(String urlString)
{
URL url=null;
String filePath=null;
String fileName=null;
try
{
url=new URL(urlString);
filePath=url.getPath();
int index=0;
if ((index=filePath.lastIndexOf(\"/\"))!=-1)
{
fileName=filePath.substring(index+1);
}
else
{
fileName=\"\";
}
}
catch(MalformedURLException e)
{
}
return fileName;
}
/*緇熻鎸囧畾鏂囦歡鍚嶇殑涓暟*/
public void stat(String filename)
{
Integer count=null;
if(statMap.get(filename)!=null)
{
count=(Integer)statMap.get(filename);
count=new Integer(count.intValue()+1);
}
else
{
count=new Integer(1);
}
statMap.put(filename,count);
}
/*緇熻鐨勪富鏂規硶*/
public void start() throws FileNotFoundException,IOException
{
BufferedReader bfin=new BufferedReader(new FileReader(this.srcPath));
String temp=null;
while((temp=bfin.readLine())!=null)
{
stat(getFileName(temp));
}
}
/*杈撳嚭緇熻緇撴灉*/
public void result()
{
Iterator it=statMap.entrySet().iterator();
while(it.hasNext())
{
Map.Entry entry=(Map.Entry)(it.next());
System.out.println((entry.getKey().equals(\"\")?\"絀烘枃浠跺悕\":entry.getKey()) + \"鐨勪釜鏁版槸\" + entry.getValue());
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{
FileNameStat fns=new FileNameStat(\"src.txt\");//鎸囧畾鎴愬緟緇熻鏂囦歡
fns.start();
fns.result();
}
}
銆銆絎簩棰?/p>
銆銆綆璇勶細
銆銆榪欓亾棰樹篃涓庣櫨搴︾殑涓氬姟鏈夊叧錛岀櫨搴︾幇鍦ㄩ櫎浜嗘悳绱㈠錛岃繕鏈夎創鍚э紝鐭ラ亾錛屽崥瀹㈢瓑閲嶈浜у搧銆傘銆鍚屾椂涔熷湪縐瀬鐨勬帰绱㈢ぞ鍖哄寲錛屽寘鎷墠涓嶄箙瀹e竷榪涘啗鐢靛瓙鍟嗗姟棰嗗煙錛?鎼滅儲涔嬪鐨勮繖浜涗駭鍝侊紝鍏朵富瑕佸姛鑳界殑瀹炵幇涓昏鏄鏁版嵁搴撶殑鎿嶄綔銆傘銆鍥犳錛屾兂榪涘叆鐧懼害錛屼篃闇瑕佸鏁版嵁搴撴湁涓瀹氱殑璁よ瘑銆?銆銆瀹炵幇鎬濊礬鍙婃暟鎹簱璁捐錛氥銆1錛岃璁哄潧涓昏鏈変袱涓疄浣撳璞★紝鐢ㄦ埛鍜屽笘瀛?瀵逛簬甯栧瓙瀵硅薄錛屾湁涓涓棶棰橈細鍥炲鐨勫笘瀛愭槸鍚﹀簲璇ヨ窡涓婚甯栧瓙瀛樻斁鍦ㄥ悓涓涓〃閲?
銆銆鑰冭檻鍒版瘡澶╂洿鏂?0涓囧笘瀛愶紝璇存槑甯栧瓙鏁版瘮杈冨錛屼負浜嗘柟渚夸富棰樼殑鍛堢幇錛屾垜涓鑸兘鎶婁富棰樿創鍜屽洖甯栧垎鍒斁鍦ㄤ笉鍚岀殑琛ㄤ腑錛屾妸涓婚璐村拰鍥炲笘鍒嗗紑鍙互鎻愰珮鏌ヨ鏁堢巼(300涓囩殑璁塊棶閲忔瘡澶?銆?/p>
銆銆2錛屾寜鐓?涓殑鎬濊礬錛岃璁哄潧鐢變袱涓璞?鐢ㄦ埛鍜屽笘瀛?鍙樻垚涓変釜瀹炰綋瀵硅薄錛屽垎鍒槸鐢ㄦ埛錛屼富棰樺笘瀛愶紝鍥炲甯栧瓙;
銆銆3錛屼笂榪頒笁涓璞″瓨鍦ㄤ笁涓叧緋伙紝鍒嗗埆鏄細
銆銆鐢ㄦ埛--涓婚甯栵紝涓涓敤鎴峰彲浠ュ彂0涓垨澶氫釜甯栧瓙錛屼竴涓笘瀛愬搴斾竴涓敤鎴?涓瀵瑰鍏崇郴)錛?/p>
銆銆涓婚甯?-鍥炲甯栵細涓涓富棰樻湁0涓垨澶氫釜鍥炲甯栧瓙錛屼竴涓洖澶嶅笘瀛愬搴斾竴涓富棰?涓瀵瑰鍏崇郴);
銆銆鐢ㄦ埛--鍥炲璐達細涓涓敤鎴峰彲浠ュ洖0涓垨澶氫釜甯栵紝涓涓笘瀛愬搴斾竴涓敤鎴?涓瀵瑰鍏崇郴)銆?/p>
銆銆榪樺瓨鍦ㄥ鍥炲璐寸殑鍥炲錛岃繖涓冭檻鐢╢atherId鏉ヨ〃紺恒?/p>
銆銆4錛岀敱浜庝笁涓叧緋?“鐢ㄦ埛--涓婚甯栵紝涓婚甯?-鍥炲甯栵紝鐢ㄦ埛--鍥炲璐?#8221; 閮芥槸涓瀵瑰鍏崇郴錛屾牴鎹〃璁捐涓鑸師鍒欙紝鍙互灝嗚繖涓や釜鍏崇郴鐙珛寤虹珛琛紝涔熷彲浠ヤ笉鍙﹀寤鴻〃鑰屽皢涓瀵瑰鐨勫叧緋諱綋鐜板湪瀹炰綋琛ㄤ腑;鐒惰岋紝琛ㄩ棿鐨勮繛鎺ユ煡璇㈡槸闈炲父鑰楄祫婧?鐨勶紝鎵浠ュ簲灝介噺鍑忓皯琛ㄩ棿榪炴帴錛岄偅涔堝涓変釜鍏崇郴涓嶅簲璇ュ垎鍒緩琛紝鑰屾槸鎶婄敤鎴風殑id浣滀負涓婚琛ㄥ拰鍥炲笘琛ㄧ殑澶栭敭錛屾妸涓婚璐磇d浣滀負鍥炲笘琛ㄧ殑澶栭敭銆?/p>
銆銆5錛岄壌浜庝互涓婅冭檻錛岃璁哄潧鐨勪笁涓〃濡備笅鎵紺?/p>
銆銆琛ㄥ悕錛歵_user_info (鐢ㄦ埛淇℃伅琛?
瀛楁鍚?nbsp; 綾誨瀷 緙虹渷鍊?nbsp; 涓枃鍚箟 綰︽潫 澶囨敞
id Int 鐢ㄦ埛緙栧彿 PRI Auto_increment
Name Varchar(30) 鐢ㄦ埛鍚?nbsp;
Email Varchar(50)
Phone Varchar(30)
Addr Varchar(200)
銆銆鍏朵粬瀛楁鐣ワ紝鏍規嵁闇瑕佹坊鍔犮銆琛ㄥ悕錛歮ain_content_info (涓婚甯栦俊鎭〃)
瀛楁鍚?nbsp; 綾誨瀷 緙虹渷鍊?nbsp; 涓枃鍚箟 綰︽潫 澶囨敞
id Int 璐寸紪鍙?nbsp; PRI Auto_increment
Title Varchar(200) 鍙戝笘鏍囬
Content Text 鍙戝笘鍐呭
UserID Int 鐢ㄦ埛緙栧彿 澶栭敭
銆銆鍏朵粬瀛楁鐣ワ紝鏍規嵁闇瑕佹坊鍔?/p>
銆銆琛ㄥ悕錛歴ub_content_info (鍥炲璐翠俊鎭〃)
瀛楁鍚?綾誨瀷 緙虹渷鍊?nbsp; 涓枃鍚箟 綰︽潫 澶囨敞
id Int 璐寸紪鍙?nbsp; PRI Auto_increment
Title Varchar(200) 鍙戝笘鏍囬
Content Text 鍙戝笘鍐呭
UserID Int 鐢ㄦ埛緙栧彿 澶栭敭
FatherID Int 鐖剁紪鍙?nbsp;
MainID Int 涓婚甯栫紪鍙?nbsp; 澶栭敭
銆銆鍏朵粬瀛楁鐣ワ紝鏍規嵁闇瑕佹坊鍔?/p>
銆銆6錛岀鍚堣寖寮忓垎鏋愶細
銆銆涓婅堪琛ㄤ腑姣忎釜瀛楁涓嶅彲鍐嶅垎錛岄鍏堟弧瓚?NF;
銆銆鐒跺悗鏁版嵁搴撹〃涓殑姣忎釜瀹炰緥鎴栬閮芥槸鍙互琚儫涓鍦板尯鍒?id)錛屼笉瀛樺湪閮ㄥ垎渚濊禆錛屽洜姝ゆ弧瓚?NF;
銆銆t_user_info (鐢ㄦ埛淇℃伅琛?鍜宮ain_content_info (涓婚甯栦俊鎭〃)涓嶅瓨鍦ㄤ換浣曚紶閫掍緷璧栵紝鑷沖皯灞炰簬BCNF;
銆銆浣嗘槸sub_content_info (鍥炲璐翠俊鎭〃)涓嶆弧瓚?NF,鍥犱負瀛樺湪濡備笅浼犻掍緷璧栵細id-->FatherID,FatherID-->MainID銆?/p>
銆銆鑼冨紡騫朵笉鏄秺楂樿秺濂斤紝sub_content_info琛ㄥ彧婊¤凍2NF鍗存洿鏈夋晥鐜囷紝涔熸槸褰撲粖璁哄潧杈冧富嫻佺殑璁捐銆?/p>
銆銆絎笁棰?/p>
銆銆綆璇勶細
銆銆濡備綍瀵規搗閲忔暟鎹繘琛屽揩閫熸绱紝榪欐槸鎼滅儲寮曟搸鐨勫繀闇鑰冭檻鐨勯棶棰樸傝繖鍙堟秹鍙婂埌鏁版嵁緇撴瀯鍜岀畻娉曘傘銆鍥犳錛岃鎯寵繘鍏ョ櫨搴︼紝灝卞繀欏葷啛鎮変竴浜涘熀鏈殑綆楁硶鍜屾暟鎹粨鏋勩傘銆銆鎬濊礬鍙婅В鍐蟲柟妗堝涓嬶細
銆銆1: 璁捐鐢═RIE鏍戝疄鐜板叧閿瘝鍒板叾瀵瑰簲id鐨勫揩閫熻瘝鍏告煡鎵?/p>
銆銆TRIE鏍戠殑姣忎竴涓妭鐐逛負涓涓寘鍚?56涓厓绱犵殑鏁扮粍錛屽悓鏃舵寚閽堟寚鍚戝叾涓嬩竴綰ц妭鐐?/p>
銆銆鑺傜偣瀹氫箟濡備笅錛?/p>
struct trienode
{
int id;
struct trienode *child[256];
}TRIENODE;
銆銆濡傛灉TRIE鏍戠殑鏌愪釜鑺傜偣鐨勬寚閽堜負NULL錛岃鏄庝粠璺熻妭鐐瑰埌褰撳墠鑺傜偣鐨勮礬寰勬瀯鎴愭枃浠禕涓殑涓涓叧閿瘝錛?/p>
銆銆鍦ㄥ叾鑺傜偣鐨刬d淇濆瓨璇ュ叧閿瘝鐨刬d;濡傛灉鎸囬拡涓嶄負NULL錛屽垯id瀵瑰簲涓?鎴栬呬竴涓棤絀峰ぇ鐨勬暣鏁幫紝鏍囧織浠庢牴鑺傜偣
銆銆鍒板綋鍓嶈妭鐐圭殑璺緞涓嶆槸涓涓畬鏁寸殑鍏抽敭璇嶃?/p>
銆銆灝嗗叧閿瘝杞寲涓轟簩榪涘埗鏃犵鍙穋har鍨嬫暟緇勶紝鍗沖浜庢眽瀛楃瓑鍙屽瓧鑺傚瓧絎﹁涓轟袱涓棤絎﹀彿char鍨嬫暣鏁幫紝
銆銆姣忎釜鍏冪礌鐨勫彇鍊艱寖鍥村湪0鍒?55涔嬮棿銆?/p>
銆銆2錛氱敓鎴愭枃浠禸鐨凾RIE鏍?/p>
銆銆姝ラ1錛氫緷嬈¤鍙栨枃浠禸鐨勬瘡涓琛岋紝瀵規瘡涓琛屾墽琛屾楠?鍒版楠?
銆銆姝ラ2錛氳鍙栧叧閿瘝id鍜屽叧閿瘝錛屼護涓簁ey
銆銆姝ラ3錛氫緷嬈¤鍙杒ey鐨勬瘡涓涓瓧絎︼紝瀵規瘡涓涓瓧絎︼紝鎵ц姝ラ4;
銆銆姝ラ4錛氬鏋滆瀛楃瀵瑰簲鐨勬寚閽堜負NULL錛屽垯鍒涘緩鍏跺効瀛愯妭鐐?
銆銆姝ラ5錛氫負褰撳墠鑺傜偣鐨勫搴斿瓧絎d緗負鍏抽敭璇峣d
銆銆3錛氭牴鎹瓵鏂囦歡鐢熸垚C鏂囦歡
銆銆姝ラ1錛氫緷嬈¤鍙栨枃浠禔鐨勬瘡涓琛岋紝瀵規瘡涓琛屾墽琛屾楠?鍒版楠?
銆銆姝ラ2錛氬垎鍒幏鍙栧綋鍓嶈鍏抽敭璇嶃乮p鍦板潃鍜屾椂闂?/p>
銆銆姝ラ3錛氫護鍏抽敭璇峩ey=c1c2...cm錛屽c1鍒癱m姣忎釜瀛楃錛屾墽琛屾楠?
銆銆姝ラ4錛氳幏鍙栨牴鑺傜偣鐨勭c1涓厓绱犳寚閽堬紝杞Щ鍒拌妭鐐筺ode1錛?/p>
銆銆鏍規嵁node1鐨勭c2涓厓绱犳寚閽堬紝杞Щ鍒皀ode2...
銆銆鏍規嵁nodem鐨勭cm涓厓绱狅紝鑾峰彇鍏抽敭璇嶇殑id
銆銆姝ラ5錛氬線鏂囦歡c涓啓鍏ヤ竴琛屾暟鎹紝鏍煎紡涓哄叧閿瘝鐨刬d銆乮p鍦板潃鍜屾椂闂?/p>
銆銆4錛氬鏉傚害鍒嗘瀽
銆銆鐢熸垚鏂囦歡B鐨凾RIE鏍戣繃紼嬫椂闂村鏉傚害涓篛(n*m)錛屽叾涓璶涓烘枃浠禸琛屾暟錛宮涓烘枃浠禸鍏抽敭璇嶇殑鏈澶ч暱搴︺俆RIE鐨勭┖闂村鏉傚害涓篛(n*m)錛宯鍜宮鍚箟鍚屼笂錛屼絾鐢變簬瀹為檯搴旂敤涓叧閿瘝涔嬮棿鍙兘浼氭湁寰堝鍓嶇紑鐩稿悓鐜拌薄錛屾墍浠ュ疄闄呰楄垂絀洪棿騫朵笉浼氬緢楂樸?/p>
銆銆鐢熸垚C鏂囦歡鐨勬椂闂村鏉傚害鍚屾牱涓篛(n*m)錛宯涓烘枃浠禷琛屾暟錛宮涓烘枃浠禷鍏抽敭璇嶇殑鏈澶ч暱搴︼紝鍥犱負鏈変簡TRIE鏍戜箣鍚庯紝緇欏畾涓涓叧閿瘝鑾峰緱鍏秈d鐨勬椂闂?澶嶆潅搴︿負鍏抽敭璇嶉暱搴︺傜敓鎴怌鏂囦歡鐨勮繃紼嬮櫎浜員RIE鏍戠┖闂村鍩烘湰涓嶉渶瑕佸お澶氶澶栫殑絀洪棿錛岀┖闂村鏉傚害涓篛(1)錛岀敱浜庣郴緇熸湁1G鐨勫彲鐢ㄥ唴瀛橈紝TRIE鍗犵敤鐨?絀洪棿鍦ㄥ嚑鍗佸厗鍒?00M涔嬮棿(涓庡叧閿瘝闆嗗悎鏈夊叧)錛屽洜姝ゆ湰鏂規硶瀹屽叏鍙銆?/p>
銆2銆佸叓涓漢涔樹袱鍙埞錛氳埞1鍜岃埞2錛屾瘡鍙埞鍙兘涓斿繀欏誨潗4浜猴紝8浜轟腑鏈?涓ぇ浜猴細F銆丟銆丠錛?涓皬瀛╋細M銆丯銆乆銆乊銆乑銆傚潗鑸圭殑瑙勫垯濡備笅錛?
銆銆
銆銆 i. 姣忔潯鑸逛笂鑷沖皯鏈変竴涓ぇ浜猴紱濡傛灉F鍦ㄨ埞2錛屽垯G涔熷垎鍒拌埞2錛?
銆銆
銆銆 ii.濡傛灉M鍒嗗埌鑸?錛屽垯N鍧愯埞2錛孹銆乑蹇呴』鍒嗕箻涓嶅悓鐨勮埞銆?
銆銆
銆銆a錛庝笅鍒楀摢緇勪漢鍛樺彲浠ュ潗鑸?錛燂紙 錛?
銆銆
銆銆 A錛?F銆丟銆丠銆乆 B錛?F銆丠銆丯銆乊
銆銆
銆銆 C錛?F銆丠銆乊銆?Z D錛?F銆丮銆丯銆乆
銆銆
銆銆b錛庡鏋淔鍧愯埞2錛屼笅鍒楀摢涓瀵瑰彲浠ュ潗鍦ㄥ悓涓鏉¤埞涓婏紵錛?錛?
銆銆
銆銆 A錛嶧鍜孻 B錛嶨鍜孻 C錛嶮鍜孨 D錛嶻鍜孼
銆銆
銆銆c錛庡鏋滆埞1涓婂凡緇忓潗浜?涓皬瀛╋紝涓嬪垪鍝竴瀵瑰彲浠ュ潗鍒拌埞2錛燂紙 錛?
銆銆
銆銆 A錛嶧鍜孒 B錛嶨鍜孻 C錛嶩鍜孨 D錛嶮鍜孨
銆銆
銆銆
銆銆d錛庡鏋淕鍦ㄨ埞1錛屼笅鍒楀摢涓娉曟槸姝g‘鐨勶紵錛?錛?
銆銆
銆銆 A錛嶩鍧愯埞2 B錛嶮鍧愯埞2
銆銆
銆銆 C錛庤埞1涓婃湁涓涓ぇ浜?D錛庤埞2涓婃湁2涓ぇ浜?
銆銆
銆銆e錛庡鏋淢鍜孨鍦ㄤ竴鑸逛笂錛屼笅鍒楀摢涓瀵逛篃蹇呴』鍦ㄤ竴鏉¤埞涓婏紵錛?錛?
銆銆
銆銆 A錛嶧鍜孒 B錛嶧鍜孻 C錛嶨鍜孹 D錛嶯鍜孹
銆銆
銆銆
銆銆f錛庡鏋淗涓嶻涔樺潗涓嶅悓鐨勮埞錛屼笅鍒楀摢涓繀欏誨湪鑸?涓婏紵錛?錛?
銆銆
銆銆 A錛?F B錛?G C錛?H D錛?M
銆銆
銆銆g錛庡鏋滆埞1涓婂彧鏈?涓ぇ浜猴紝涓嬪垪鍝釜璇存硶鏄紜殑錛燂紙 錛?
銆銆
銆銆 A錛嶧鍦ㄨ埞1涓?B錛嶨鍦ㄨ埞2涓?
銆銆
銆銆 C錛嶩鍦ㄨ埞2涓?D錛嶮鍦ㄨ埞1涓?br>
from: http://blog.chinaunix.net/u2/76292/showart_1327403.html
1.鏄笉鏄竴涓埗綾誨啓浜嗕竴涓獀irtual 鍑芥暟錛屽鏋滃瓙綾昏鐩栧畠鐨勫嚱鏁頒笉鍔爒irtual ,涔熻兘瀹炵幇澶氭?
virtual淇グ絎︿細琚殣褰㈢戶鎵跨殑銆?/p>
private 涔熻闆嗘垚錛屽彧浜嬫淳鐢熺被娌℃湁璁塊棶鏉冮檺鑰屽凡
virtual鍙姞鍙笉鍔?/p>
瀛愮被鐨勭┖闂撮噷鏈夌埗綾葷殑鎵鏈夊彉閲?static闄ゅ)
鍚屼竴涓嚱鏁板彧瀛樺湪涓涓疄浣?inline闄ゅ)
瀛愮被瑕嗙洊瀹冪殑鍑芥暟涓嶅姞virtual ,涔熻兘瀹炵幇澶氭併?/p>
鍦ㄥ瓙綾葷殑絀洪棿閲岋紝鏈夌埗綾葷殑縐佹湁鍙橀噺銆傜鏈夊彉閲忎笉鑳界洿鎺ヨ闂?/p>
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2.杈撳叆涓涓瓧絎︿覆錛屽皢鍏墮嗗簭鍚庤緭鍑恒傦紙浣跨敤C++錛屼笉寤鴻鐢ㄤ吉鐮侊級
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void main()
{
char a[50];memset(a,0,sizeof(a));
int i=0,j;
char t;
cin.getline(a,50,'\n');
for(i=0,j=strlen(a)-1;i<strlen(a)/2;i++,j--)
{
t=a[i];
a[i]=a[j];
a[j]=t;
}
cout<<a<<endl;
}
//絎簩縐?/p>
string str;
cin>>str;
str.replace;
cout<<str;
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3.璇風畝鍗曟弿榪癢indows鍐呭瓨綆$悊鐨勬柟娉曘?/p>
鍐呭瓨綆$悊鏄搷浣滅郴緇熶腑鐨勯噸瑕侀儴鍒嗭紝涓や笁鍙ヨ瘽鎭愭曡皝涔熻涓嶆竻妤氬惂锝烇綖
鎴戝厛璇翠釜澶ф錛屽笇鏈涜兘澶熸姏鐮栧紩鐜夊惂
褰撶▼搴忚繍琛屾椂闇瑕佷粠鍐呭瓨涓鍑鴻繖孌電▼搴忕殑浠g爜銆備唬鐮佺殑浣嶇疆蹇呴』鍦ㄧ墿鐞嗗唴瀛樹腑鎵嶈兘琚繍琛岋紝鐢變簬鐜板湪鐨勬搷浣滅郴緇熶腑鏈夐潪甯稿鐨勭▼搴忚繍琛岀潃錛屽唴瀛樹腑涓嶈兘澶熷畬鍏ㄦ斁涓嬶紝鎵浠ュ紩鍑轟簡铏氭嫙鍐呭瓨鐨勬蹇點傛妸鍝簺涓嶅父鐢ㄧ殑紼嬪簭鐗囨柇灝辨斁鍏ヨ櫄鎷熷唴瀛橈紝褰撻渶瑕佺敤鍒板畠鐨勬椂鍊欏湪load鍏ヤ富瀛橈紙鐗╃悊鍐呭瓨錛変腑銆傝繖涓氨鏄唴瀛樼鐞嗘墍瑕佸仛鐨勪簨銆傚唴瀛樼鐞嗚繕鏈夊彟澶栦竴浠朵簨闇瑕佸仛錛氳綆楃▼搴忕墖孌靛湪涓誨瓨涓殑鐗╃悊浣嶇疆錛屼互渚緾PU璋冨害銆?/p>
鍐呭瓨綆$悊鏈夊潡寮忕鐞嗭紝欏靛紡綆$悊錛屾寮忓拰孌甸〉寮忕鐞嗐傜幇鍦ㄥ父鐢ㄦ欏靛紡綆$悊
鍧楀紡綆$悊錛氭妸涓誨瓨鍒嗕負涓澶у潡銆佷竴澶у潡鐨勶紝褰撴墍闇鐨勭▼搴忕墖鏂笉鍦ㄤ富瀛樻椂灝卞垎閰嶄竴鍧椾富瀛樼┖闂達紝鎶婄▼ 搴忕墖鏂璴oad鍏ヤ富瀛橈紝灝辯畻鎵闇鐨勭▼搴忕墖搴﹀彧鏈夊嚑涓瓧鑺備篃鍙兘鎶婅繖涓鍧楀垎閰嶇粰瀹冦傝繖鏍蜂細閫犳垚寰堝ぇ鐨勬氮璐癸紝騫沖潎嫻垂浜?0錛呯殑鍐呭瓨絀洪棿錛屼絾鏃舵槗浜庣鐞嗐?/p>
欏靛紡綆$悊錛氭妸涓誨瓨鍒嗕負涓欏典竴欏電殑錛屾瘡涓欏電殑絀洪棿瑕佹瘮涓鍧椾竴鍧楃殑絀洪棿灝忓緢澶氾紝鏄劇劧榪欑鏂規硶鐨勭┖闂村埄鐢ㄧ巼瑕佹瘮鍧楀紡綆$悊楂樺緢澶氥?/p>
孌靛紡綆$悊錛氭妸涓誨瓨鍒嗕負涓孌典竴孌電殑錛屾瘡涓孌電殑絀洪棿鍙堣姣斾竴欏典竴欏電殑絀洪棿灝忓緢澶氾紝榪欑鏂規硶鍦ㄧ┖闂村埄鐢ㄧ巼涓婂張姣旈〉寮忕鐞嗛珮寰堝錛屼絾鏄篃鏈夊彟澶栦竴涓己鐐廣備竴涓▼搴忕墖鏂彲鑳戒細琚垎涓哄嚑鍗佹錛岃繖鏍峰緢澶氭椂闂村氨浼氳嫻垂鍦ㄨ綆楁瘡涓孌電殑鐗╃悊鍦板潃涓婏紙璁$畻鏈烘渶鑰楁椂闂寸殑澶у閮界煡閬撴槸I/O鍚э級銆?/p>
孌甸〉寮忕鐞嗭細緇撳悎浜嗘寮忕鐞嗗拰欏靛紡綆$悊鐨勪紭鐐廣傛妸涓誨瓨鍒嗕負鑻ュ共欏碉紝姣忎竴欏靛張鍒嗕負鑻ュ共孌點傚ソ澶勫氨寰堟槑鏄撅紝涓嶇敤鎴戝璇翠簡鍚с?/p>
鍚勭鍐呭瓨綆$悊閮芥湁瀹冭嚜宸辯殑鏂規硶鏉ヨ綆楀嚭紼嬪簭鐗囨柇鍦ㄤ富瀛樹腑鐨勭墿鐞嗗湴鍧錛屽叾瀹為兘寰堢浉浼箋?/p>
榪欏彧鏄竴涓ぇ姒傝屽凡錛屼笉瓚充互璇存槑鍐呭瓨綆$悊鐨勭毊姣涖傛棤璁哄摢涓鏈搷浣滅郴緇熶功涓婇兘鏈夎緇嗙殑璁茶В
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4.
#include "stdafx.h"
#define SQR(X) X*X
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
int a = 10;
int k = 2;
int m = 1;
a /= SQR(k+m)/SQR(k+m);
printf("%d\n",a);
return 0;
}
榪欓亾棰樼洰鐨勭粨鏋滄槸浠涔堝晩?
define 鍙槸瀹氫箟鑰屽凡錛屽湪緙栨嫨鏃跺彧鏄畝鍗曚唬鎹*X鑰屽凡錛屽茍涓嶇粡榪囩畻鏈硶鍒欑殑
a /= (k+m)*(k+m)/(k+m)*(k+m);
=>a /= (k+m)*1*(k+m);
=>a = a/9;
=>a = 1;
涓婇潰鐨勯敊浜嗭紝璇ユ槸
a=a/(k+m*k+m/k+m*k+m)
a=a/(2+1*2+1/2+1*2+1)
娉ㄦ剰錛屽洜涓簁,m涓篿nt鍨嬶紝鎵浠?/2=0,鍗砤錛漚/7=1(閮戒負int鍨嬶級
gcc涓嬫鏌ヨ繃錛屽鏋滃ぇ瀹墮兘涓篺loat鍨嬬殑璇濈粨鏋滀負10/7.5=1.33333
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5.
const 絎﹀彿甯擱噺錛?br>(1)const char *p
(2)char const *p
(3)char * const p
璇存槑涓婇潰涓夌鎻忚堪鐨勫尯鍒紱
濡傛灉const浣嶄簬鏄熷彿鐨勫乏渚э紝鍒檆onst灝辨槸鐢ㄦ潵淇グ鎸囬拡鎵鎸囧悜鐨勫彉閲忥紝鍗蟲寚閽堟寚鍚戜負甯擱噺錛?br>濡傛灉const浣嶄簬鏄熷彿鐨勫彸渚э紝const灝辨槸淇グ鎸囬拡鏈韓錛屽嵆鎸囬拡鏈韓鏄父閲忋?/p>
(1)const char *p
涓涓寚鍚慶har綾誨瀷鐨刢onst瀵硅薄鎸囬拡錛宲涓嶆槸甯擱噺,鎴戜滑鍙互淇敼p鐨勫鹼紝浣垮叾鎸囧悜涓嶅悓鐨刢har錛屼絾鏄笉鑳芥敼鍙樺畠鎸囧悜闈瀋har瀵硅薄錛屽錛?br>const char *p;
char c1='a';
char c2='b';
p=&c1;//ok
p=&c2;//ok
*p=c1;//error
(2)char const *p
(3)char * const p
榪欎袱涓ソ璞℃槸涓鏍風殑錛屾鏃?p鍙互淇敼錛岃宲涓嶈兘淇敼銆?/p>
(4)const char * const p
榪欑鏄湴鍧鍙婃寚鍚戝璞¢兘涓嶈兘淇敼銆?/p>
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6.涓嬮潰鏄疌璇█涓袱縐峣f璇彞鍒ゆ柇鏂瑰紡銆傝闂摢縐嶅啓娉曟洿濂斤紵涓轟粈涔堬紵
int n;
if (n == 10) // 絎竴縐嶅垽鏂柟寮?br> if (10 == n) // 絎簩縐嶅垽鏂柟寮?/p>
濡傛灉灝戜簡涓?鍙?緙栬瘧鏃跺氨浼氭姤閿?鍑忓皯浜嗗嚭閿欑殑鍙兘琛?鍙互媯嫻嬪嚭鏄惁灝戜簡=
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7.涓嬮潰鐨勪唬鐮佹湁浠涔堥棶棰橈紵
void DoSomeThing(...)
{
char* p;
...
p = malloc(1024); // 鍒嗛厤1K鐨勭┖闂?br> if (NULL == p)
return;
...
p = realloc(p, 2048); // 絀洪棿涓嶅錛岄噸鏂板垎閰嶅埌2K
if (NULL == p)
return;
...
}
A:
p = malloc(1024); 搴旇鍐欐垚錛?p = (char *) malloc(1024);
娌℃湁閲婃斁p鐨勭┖闂達紝閫犳垚鍐呭瓨娉勬紡銆?/p>
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8.涓嬮潰鐨勪唬鐮佹湁浠涔堥棶棰橈紵騫惰緇欏嚭姝g‘鐨勫啓娉曘?br>void DoSomeThing(char* p)
{
char str[16];
int n;
assert(NULL != p);
sscanf(p, "%s%d", str, n);
if (0 == strcmp(str, "something"))
{
...
}
}
A:
sscanf(p, "%s%d", str, n); 榪欏彞璇ュ啓鎴愶細 sscanf(p, "%s%d", str, &n);
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9.涓嬮潰浠g爜鏈変粈涔堥敊璇?
Void test1()
{
char string[10];
char *str1="0123456789";
strcpy(string, str1);
}
鏁扮粍瓚婄晫
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10.涓嬮潰浠g爜鏈変粈涔堥棶棰?
Void test2()
{
char string[10], str1[10];
for(i=0; i<10;i++)
{
str1[i] ='a';
}
strcpy(string, str1);
}
鏁扮粍瓚婄晫
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11.涓嬮潰浠g爜鏈変粈涔堥棶棰?
Void test3(char* str1)
{
char string[10];
if(strlen(str1)<=10)
{
strcpy(string, str1);
}
}
==鏁扮粍瓚婄晫
==strcpy鎷瘋礉鐨勭粨鏉熸爣蹇楁槸鏌ユ壘瀛楃涓蹭腑鐨刓0 鍥犳濡傛灉瀛楃涓蹭腑娌℃湁閬囧埌\0鐨勮瘽 浼氫竴鐩村鍒訛紝鐩村埌閬囧埌\0,涓婇潰鐨?23閮藉洜姝や駭鐢熻秺鐣岀殑鎯呭喌
寤鴻浣跨敤 strncpy 鍜?memcpy
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12.涓嬮潰浠g爜鏈変粈涔堥棶棰?
#define MAX_SRM 256
DSN get_SRM_no()
{
static int SRM_no; //鏄笉鏄繖閲屾病璧嬪垵鍊鹼紵
int I;
for(I=0;I<MAX_SRM;I++,SRM_no++)
{
SRM_no %= MAX_SRM;
if(MY_SRM.state==IDLE)
{
break;
}
}
if(I>=MAX_SRM)
return (NULL_SRM);
else
return SRM_no;
}
緋葷粺浼氬垵濮嬪寲static int鍙橀噺涓?,浣嗚鍊間細涓鐩翠繚瀛?鎵璋撶殑涓嶅彲閲嶅叆...
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13.鍐欏嚭榪愯緇撴灉:
{// test1
char str[] = "world"; cout << sizeof(str) << ": ";
char *p = str; cout << sizeof(p) << ": ";
char i = 10; cout << sizeof(i) << ": ";
void *pp = malloc(10); cout << sizeof(p) << endl;
}
6錛?錛?錛?
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14.鍐欏嚭榪愯緇撴灉:
{// test2
union V {
struct X {
unsigned char s1:2;
unsigned char s2:3;
unsigned char s3:3;
} x;
unsigned char c;
} v;
v.c = 100;
printf("%d", v.x.s3);
}
3
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15.鐢–++鍐欎釜紼嬪簭錛屽浣曞垽鏂竴涓搷浣滅郴緇熸槸16浣嶈繕鏄?2浣嶇殑錛熶笉鑳界敤sizeof()鍑芥暟
A1:
16浣嶇殑緋葷粺涓嬶紝
int i = 65536;
cout << i; // 杈撳嚭0錛?br>int i = 65535;
cout << i; // 杈撳嚭-1錛?/p>
32浣嶇殑緋葷粺涓嬶紝
int i = 65536;
cout << i; // 杈撳嚭65536錛?br>int i = 65535;
cout << i; // 杈撳嚭65535錛?/p>
A2:
int a = ~0;
if( a>65536 )
{
cout<<"32 bit"<<endl;
}
else
{
cout<<"16 bit"<<endl;
}
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16.C鍜孋++鏈変粈涔堜笉鍚?
浠庢満鍒朵笂錛歝鏄潰鍚戣繃紼嬬殑錛堜絾c涔熷彲浠ョ紪鍐欓潰鍚戝璞$殑紼嬪簭錛夛紱c++鏄潰鍚戝璞$殑錛屾彁渚涗簡綾匯備絾鏄紝
c++緙栧啓闈㈠悜瀵硅薄鐨勭▼搴忔瘮c瀹規槗
浠庨傜敤鐨勬柟鍚戯細c閫傚悎瑕佹眰浠g爜浣撶Н灝忕殑錛屾晥鐜囬珮鐨勫満鍚堬紝濡傚祵鍏ュ紡錛沜++閫傚悎鏇翠笂灞傜殑錛屽鏉傜殑錛?nbsp; llinux鏍稿績澶ч儴鍒嗘槸c鍐欑殑錛屽洜涓哄畠鏄郴緇熻蔣浠訛紝鏁堢巼瑕佹眰鏋侀珮銆?/p>
浠庡悕縐頒笂涔熷彲浠ョ湅鍑猴紝c++姣攃澶氫簡+錛岃鏄巆++鏄痗鐨勮秴闆嗭紱閭d負浠涔堜笉鍙玞+鑰屽彨c++鍛紝鏄洜涓篶++姣?br>c鏉ヨ鎵╁厖鐨勪笢瑗垮お澶氫簡錛屾墍浠ュ氨鍦╟鍚庨潰鏀句笂涓や釜+錛涗簬鏄氨鎴愪簡c++
C璇█鏄粨鏋勫寲緙栫▼璇█錛孋++鏄潰鍚戝璞$紪紼嬭璦銆?br>C++渚ч噸浜庡璞¤屼笉鏄繃紼嬶紝渚ч噸浜庣被鐨勮璁¤屼笉鏄昏緫鐨勮璁°?/p>
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17.鍦ㄤ笉鐢ㄧ涓夋柟鍙傛暟鐨勬儏鍐典笅錛屼氦鎹袱涓弬鏁扮殑鍊?br>#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i=60;
int j=50;
i=i+j;
j=i-j;
i=i-j;
printf("i=%d\n",i);
printf("j=%d\n",j);
}
鏂規硶浜岋細
i^=j;
j^=i;
i^=j;
鏂規硶涓夛細
// 鐢ㄥ姞鍑忓疄鐜幫紝鑰屼笖涓嶄細婧㈠嚭
a = a+b-(b=a)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
18.鏈夊叧浣嶅煙鐨勯潰璇曢錛堜負浠涔堣緭鍑虹殑鏄竴涓鎬殑瀛楃錛?/p>
a.t = 'b';鏁堟灉鐩稿綋浜?a.t= 'b' & 0xf;
'b' --> 01100010
'b' & 0xf -->>00000010
鎵浠ヨ緭鍑篈scii鐮佷負2鐨勭壒孌婂瓧絎?/p>
char t:4;灝辨槸4bit鐨勫瓧絎﹀彉閲忥紝鍚屾牱
unsigned short i:8;灝辨槸8bit鐨勬棤絎﹀彿鐭暣褰㈠彉閲?/p>
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19.int i=10, j=10, k=3; k*=i+j; k鏈鍚庣殑鍊兼槸?
60
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20.榪涚▼闂撮氫俊鐨勬柟寮忔湁?
榪涚▼闂撮氫俊鐨勬柟寮忔湁 鍏變韓鍐呭瓨錛?綆¢亾 錛孲ocket 錛屾秷鎭槦鍒?, DDE絳?/p>
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
21.
struct A
{
char t:4;
char k:4;
unsigned short i:8;
unsigned long m;
}
sizeof(A)=?錛堜笉鑰冭檻杈圭晫瀵歸綈錛?/p>
7
struct CELL // Declare CELL bit field
{
unsigned character : 8; // 00000000 ????????
unsigned foreground : 3; // 00000??? 00000000
unsigned intensity : 1; // 0000?000 00000000
unsigned background : 3; // 0???0000 00000000
unsigned blink : 1; // ?0000000 00000000
} screen[25][80]; // Array of bit fields
浜屻佷綅緇撴瀯
浣嶇粨鏋勬槸涓縐嶇壒孌婄殑緇撴瀯, 鍦ㄩ渶鎸変綅璁塊棶涓涓瓧鑺傛垨瀛楃殑澶氫釜浣嶆椂, 浣嶇粨鏋?
姣旀寜浣嶈繍綆楃鏇村姞鏂逛究銆?
浣嶇粨鏋勫畾涔夌殑涓鑸艦寮忎負:
struct浣嶇粨鏋勫悕{
鏁版嵁綾誨瀷 鍙橀噺鍚? 鏁村瀷甯告暟;
鏁版嵁綾誨瀷 鍙橀噺鍚? 鏁村瀷甯告暟;
} 浣嶇粨鏋勫彉閲?
鍏朵腑: 鏁版嵁綾誨瀷蹇呴』鏄痠nt(unsigned鎴杝igned)銆?鏁村瀷甯告暟蹇呴』鏄潪璐熺殑鏁?
鏁? 鑼冨洿鏄?~15, 琛ㄧず浜岃繘鍒朵綅鐨勪釜鏁? 鍗寵〃紺烘湁澶氬皯浣嶃?
鍙橀噺鍚嶆槸閫夋嫨欏? 鍙互涓嶅懡鍚? 榪欐牱瑙勫畾鏄負浜嗘帓鍒楅渶瑕併?
渚嬪: 涓嬮潰瀹氫箟浜嗕竴涓綅緇撴瀯銆?
struct{
unsigned incon: 8; /*incon鍗犵敤浣庡瓧鑺傜殑0~7鍏?浣?/
unsigned txcolor: 4;/*txcolor鍗犵敤楂樺瓧鑺傜殑0~3浣嶅叡4浣?/
unsigned bgcolor: 3;/*bgcolor鍗犵敤楂樺瓧鑺傜殑4~6浣嶅叡3浣?/
unsigned blink: 1; /*blink鍗犵敤楂樺瓧鑺傜殑絎?浣?/
}ch;
浣嶇粨鏋勬垚鍛樼殑璁塊棶涓庣粨鏋勬垚鍛樼殑璁塊棶鐩稿悓銆?
渚嬪: 璁塊棶涓婁緥浣嶇粨鏋勪腑鐨刡gcolor鎴愬憳鍙啓鎴?
ch.bgcolor
娉ㄦ剰:
1. 浣嶇粨鏋勪腑鐨勬垚鍛樺彲浠ュ畾涔変負unsigned, 涔熷彲瀹氫箟涓簊igned, 浣嗗綋鎴愬憳闀?
搴︿負1鏃? 浼氳璁や負鏄痷nsigned綾誨瀷銆傚洜涓哄崟涓綅涓嶅彲鑳藉叿鏈夌鍙楓?
2. 浣嶇粨鏋勪腑鐨勬垚鍛樹笉鑳戒嬌鐢ㄦ暟緇勫拰鎸囬拡, 浣嗕綅緇撴瀯鍙橀噺鍙互鏄暟緇勫拰鎸囬拡,
濡傛灉鏄寚閽? 鍏舵垚鍛樿闂柟寮忓悓緇撴瀯鎸囬拡銆?
3. 浣嶇粨鏋勬婚暱搴?浣嶆暟), 鏄悇涓綅鎴愬憳瀹氫箟鐨勪綅鏁頒箣鍜? 鍙互瓚呰繃涓や釜瀛?
鑺傘?
4. 浣嶇粨鏋勬垚鍛樺彲浠ヤ笌鍏跺畠緇撴瀯鎴愬憳涓璧蜂嬌鐢ㄣ?
渚嬪:
struct info{
char name[8];
int age;
struct addr address;
float pay;
unsigned state: 1;
unsigned pay: 1;
}workers;
涓婁緥鐨勭粨鏋勫畾涔変簡鍏充簬涓涓伐浜虹殑淇℃伅銆傚叾涓湁涓や釜浣嶇粨鏋勬垚鍛? 姣忎釜浣嶇粨
鏋勬垚鍛樺彧鏈変竴浣? 鍥犳鍙崰涓涓瓧鑺備絾淇濆瓨浜嗕袱涓俊鎭? 璇ュ瓧鑺備腑絎竴浣嶈〃紺哄伐
浜虹殑鐘舵? 絎簩浣嶈〃紺哄伐璧勬槸鍚﹀凡鍙戞斁銆傜敱姝ゅ彲瑙佷嬌鐢ㄤ綅緇撴瀯鍙互鑺傜渷瀛樿串絀洪棿銆?/p>
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
22.涓嬮潰鐨勫嚱鏁板疄鐜板湪涓涓浐瀹氱殑鏁頒笂鍔犱笂涓涓暟錛屾湁浠涔堥敊璇紝鏀規
int add_n(int n)
{
static int i=100;
i+=n;
return i;
}
絳?
鍥犱負static浣垮緱i鐨勫間細淇濈暀涓婃鐨勫箋?br>鍘繪帀static灝卞彲浜?/p>
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
23.涓嬮潰鐨勪唬鐮佹湁浠涔堥棶棰?
class A
{
public:
A() { p=this; }
~A() { if(p!=NULL) { delete p; p=NULL; } }
A* p;
};
絳?
浼氬紩璧鋒棤闄愰掑綊
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
24.
union a {
int a_int1;
double a_double;
int a_int2;
};
typedef struct
{
a a1;
char y;
} b;
class c
{
double c_double;
b b1;
a a2;
};
杈撳嚭cout<<sizeof(c)<<endl;鐨勭粨鏋?
絳?
VC6鐜涓嬪緱鍑虹殑緇撴灉鏄?2
鍙?
鎴?sun)鍦╒C6.0+win2k涓嬪仛榪囪瘯楠?
short - 2
int-4
float-4
double-8
鎸囬拡-4
sizeof(union)錛屼互緇撴瀯閲岄潰size鏈澶х殑涓簎nion鐨剆ize
瑙f瀽C璇█涓殑sizeof
涓銆乻izeof鐨勬蹇點
銆銆sizeof鏄疌璇█鐨勪竴縐嶅崟鐩搷浣滅錛屽C璇█鐨勫叾浠栨搷浣滅++銆?-絳夈傚畠騫朵笉鏄嚱鏁般俿izeof鎿嶄綔絎︿互瀛楄妭褰㈠紡緇欏嚭浜嗗叾鎿嶄綔鏁扮殑瀛樺偍澶у皬銆傛搷浣滄暟鍙互鏄竴涓〃杈懼紡鎴栨嫭鍦ㄦ嫭鍙峰唴鐨勭被鍨嬪悕銆傛搷浣滄暟鐨勫瓨鍌ㄥぇ灝忕敱鎿嶄綔鏁扮殑綾誨瀷鍐沖畾銆傘
浜屻乻izeof鐨勪嬌鐢ㄦ柟娉曘
銆銆1銆佺敤浜庢暟鎹被鍨嬨
銆銆sizeof浣跨敤褰㈠紡錛歴izeof錛坱ype錛夈
銆銆鏁版嵁綾誨瀷蹇呴』鐢ㄦ嫭鍙鋒嫭浣忋傚sizeof錛坕nt錛夈傘
銆銆2銆佺敤浜庡彉閲忋
銆銆sizeof浣跨敤褰㈠紡錛歴izeof錛坴ar_name錛夋垨sizeof銆var_name銆
銆銆鍙橀噺鍚嶅彲浠ヤ笉鐢ㄦ嫭鍙鋒嫭浣忋傚sizeof銆(var_name)錛宻izeof銆var_name絳夐兘鏄紜艦寮忋傚甫鎷彿鐨勭敤娉曟洿鏅亶錛屽ぇ澶氭暟紼嬪簭鍛橀噰鐢ㄨ繖縐嶅艦寮忋傘
銆銆娉ㄦ剰錛歴izeof鎿嶄綔絎︿笉鑳界敤浜庡嚱鏁扮被鍨嬶紝涓嶅畬鍏ㄧ被鍨嬫垨浣嶅瓧孌點備笉瀹屽叏綾誨瀷鎸囧叿鏈夋湭鐭ュ瓨鍌ㄥぇ灝忕殑鏁版嵁綾誨瀷錛屽鏈煡瀛樺偍澶у皬鐨勬暟緇勭被鍨嬨佹湭鐭ュ唴瀹圭殑緇撴瀯鎴栬仈鍚堢被鍨嬨乿oid綾誨瀷絳夈傘
銆銆濡俿izeof(max)鑻ユ鏃跺彉閲弇ax瀹氫箟涓篿nt銆max(),sizeof(char_v)銆鑻ユ鏃禼har_v瀹氫箟涓篶har銆char_v銆[MAX]涓擬AX鏈煡錛宻izeof(void)閮戒笉鏄紜艦寮忋傘
涓夈乻izeof鐨勭粨鏋溿
銆銆sizeof鎿嶄綔絎︾殑緇撴灉綾誨瀷鏄痵ize_t錛屽畠鍦ㄥご鏂囦歡
涓璽ypedef涓簎nsigned銆int綾誨瀷銆傝綾誨瀷淇濊瘉鑳藉綰沖疄鐜版墍寤虹珛鐨勬渶澶у璞$殑瀛楄妭澶у皬銆傘
銆銆1銆佽嫢鎿嶄綔鏁板叿鏈夌被鍨媍har銆乽nsigned銆char鎴杝igned銆char錛屽叾緇撴灉絳変簬1銆傘
銆銆ANSI銆C姝e紡瑙勫畾瀛楃綾誨瀷涓?瀛楄妭銆傘
銆銆2銆乮nt銆乽nsigned銆int銆銆乻hort銆int銆乽nsigned銆short銆銆乴ong銆int銆銆乽nsigned銆long銆銆乫loat銆乨ouble銆乴ong銆double綾誨瀷鐨剆izeof銆鍦ˋNSI銆C涓病鏈夊叿浣撹瀹氾紝澶у皬渚濊禆浜庡疄鐜幫紝涓鑸彲鑳藉垎鍒負2銆?銆?銆?銆?銆?銆?銆?銆?0銆傘
銆銆3銆佸綋鎿嶄綔鏁版槸鎸囬拡鏃訛紝sizeof渚濊禆浜庣紪璇戝櫒銆備緥濡侻icrosoft銆C/C++7.0涓紝near綾繪寚閽堝瓧鑺傛暟涓?錛宖ar銆乭uge綾繪寚閽堝瓧鑺傛暟涓?銆備竴鑸琔nix鐨勬寚閽堝瓧鑺傛暟涓?銆傘
銆銆4銆佸綋鎿嶄綔鏁板叿鏈夋暟緇勭被鍨嬫椂錛屽叾緇撴灉鏄暟緇勭殑鎬誨瓧鑺傛暟銆傘
銆銆5銆佽仈鍚堢被鍨嬫搷浣滄暟鐨剆izeof鏄叾鏈澶у瓧鑺傛垚鍛樼殑瀛楄妭鏁般傜粨鏋勭被鍨嬫搷浣滄暟鐨剆izeof鏄繖縐嶇被鍨嬪璞$殑鎬誨瓧鑺傛暟錛屽寘鎷換浣曞灚琛ュ湪鍐呫傘
銆銆璁╂垜浠湅濡備笅緇撴瀯錛氥
銆銆struct銆{char銆b;銆double銆x;}銆a;銆
銆銆鍦ㄦ煇浜涙満鍣ㄤ笂sizeof錛坅錛?12錛岃屼竴鑸瑂izeof錛坈har錛?銆sizeof錛坉ouble錛?9銆傘
銆銆榪欐槸鍥犱負緙栬瘧鍣ㄥ湪鑰冭檻瀵歸綈闂鏃訛紝鍦ㄧ粨鏋勪腑鎻掑叆絀轟綅浠ユ帶鍒跺悇鎴愬憳瀵硅薄鐨勫湴鍧瀵歸綈銆傚double綾誨瀷鐨勭粨鏋勬垚鍛榵瑕佹斁鍦ㄨ4鏁撮櫎鐨勫湴鍧銆傘
銆銆6銆佸鏋滄搷浣滄暟鏄嚱鏁頒腑鐨勬暟緇勫艦鍙傛垨鍑芥暟綾誨瀷鐨勫艦鍙傦紝sizeof緇欏嚭鍏舵寚閽堢殑澶у皬銆傘
鍥涖乻izeof涓庡叾浠栨搷浣滅鐨勫叧緋匯
銆銆sizeof鐨勪紭鍏堢駭涓?綰э紝姣?銆?絳?綰ц繍綆楃浼樺厛綰ч珮銆傚畠鍙互涓庡叾浠栨搷浣滅涓璧風粍鎴愯〃杈懼紡銆傚i*sizeof錛坕nt錛夛紱鍏朵腑i涓篿nt綾誨瀷鍙橀噺銆傘
浜斻乻izeof鐨勪富瑕佺敤閫斻
銆銆1銆乻izeof鎿嶄綔絎︾殑涓涓富瑕佺敤閫旀槸涓庡瓨鍌ㄥ垎閰嶅拰I/O緋葷粺閭f牱鐨勪緥紼嬭繘琛岄氫俊銆備緥濡傦細銆
銆銆void銆*malloc錛坰ize_t銆size錛?銆
銆銆size_t銆fread(void銆*銆ptr,size_t銆size,size_t銆nmemb,FILE銆*銆stream)銆傘
銆銆2銆乻izeof鐨勫彟涓涓殑涓昏鐢ㄩ旀槸璁$畻鏁扮粍涓厓绱犵殑涓暟銆備緥濡傦細銆
銆銆void銆*銆memset錛坴oid銆*銆s,int銆c,sizeof(s)錛夈傘
鍏佸緩璁
銆銆鐢變簬鎿嶄綔鏁扮殑瀛楄妭鏁板湪瀹炵幇鏃跺彲鑳藉嚭鐜板彉鍖栵紝寤鴻鍦ㄦ秹鍙婂埌鎿嶄綔鏁板瓧鑺傚ぇ灝忔椂鐢╯izeof鏉ヤ唬鏇垮父閲忚綆椼?/p>
=============================================================
鏈枃涓昏鍖呮嫭浜屼釜閮ㄥ垎錛岀涓閮ㄥ垎閲嶇偣浠嬬粛鍦╒C涓紝鎬庝箞鏍烽噰鐢╯izeof鏉ユ眰緇撴瀯鐨勫ぇ灝忥紝浠ュ強瀹規槗鍑虹幇鐨勯棶棰橈紝騫剁粰鍑鴻В鍐抽棶棰樼殑鏂規硶錛岀浜岄儴鍒嗘葷粨鍑篤C涓璼izeof鐨勪富瑕佺敤娉曘?
1銆?sizeof搴旂敤鍦ㄧ粨鏋勪笂鐨勬儏鍐?
璇風湅涓嬮潰鐨勭粨鏋勶細
struct MyStruct
{
double dda1;
char dda;
int type
};
瀵圭粨鏋凪yStruct閲囩敤sizeof浼氬嚭鐜頒粈涔堢粨鏋滃憿錛焥izeof(MyStruct)涓哄灝戝憿錛熶篃璁鎬綘浼氳繖鏍鋒眰錛?
sizeof(MyStruct)=sizeof(double)+sizeof(char)+sizeof(int)=13
浣嗘槸褰撳湪VC涓祴璇曚笂闈㈢粨鏋勭殑澶у皬鏃訛紝浣犱細鍙戠幇sizeof(MyStruct)涓?6銆備綘鐭ラ亾涓轟粈涔堝湪VC涓細寰楀嚭榪欐牱涓涓粨鏋滃悧錛?
鍏跺疄錛岃繖鏄疺C瀵瑰彉閲忓瓨鍌ㄧ殑涓涓壒孌婂鐞嗐備負浜嗘彁楂楥PU鐨勫瓨鍌ㄩ熷害錛孷C瀵逛竴浜涘彉閲忕殑璧峰鍦板潃鍋氫簡"瀵歸綈"澶勭悊銆傚湪榛樿鎯呭喌涓嬶紝VC瑙勫畾鍚勬垚鍛樺彉閲忓瓨鏀劇殑璧峰鍦板潃鐩稿浜庣粨鏋勭殑璧峰鍦板潃鐨勫亸縐婚噺蹇呴』涓鴻鍙橀噺鐨勭被鍨嬫墍鍗犵敤鐨勫瓧鑺傛暟鐨勫嶆暟銆備笅闈㈠垪鍑哄父鐢ㄧ被鍨嬬殑瀵歸綈鏂瑰紡(vc6.0,32浣嶇郴緇?銆?
綾誨瀷
瀵歸綈鏂瑰紡錛堝彉閲忓瓨鏀劇殑璧峰鍦板潃鐩稿浜庣粨鏋勭殑璧峰鍦板潃鐨勫亸縐婚噺錛?
Char
鍋忕Щ閲忓繀欏諱負sizeof(char)鍗?鐨勫嶆暟
int
鍋忕Щ閲忓繀欏諱負sizeof(int)鍗?鐨勫嶆暟
float
鍋忕Щ閲忓繀欏諱負sizeof(float)鍗?鐨勫嶆暟
double
鍋忕Щ閲忓繀欏諱負sizeof(double)鍗?鐨勫嶆暟
Short
鍋忕Щ閲忓繀欏諱負sizeof(short)鍗?鐨勫嶆暟
鍚勬垚鍛樺彉閲忓湪瀛樻斁鐨勬椂鍊欐牴鎹湪緇撴瀯涓嚭鐜扮殑欏哄簭渚濇鐢寵絀洪棿錛屽悓鏃舵寜鐓т笂闈㈢殑瀵歸綈鏂瑰紡璋冩暣浣嶇疆錛岀┖緙虹殑瀛楄妭VC浼氳嚜鍔ㄥ~鍏呫傚悓鏃禫C涓轟簡紜繚緇撴瀯鐨勫ぇ灝忎負緇撴瀯鐨勫瓧鑺傝竟鐣屾暟錛堝嵆璇ョ粨鏋勪腑鍗犵敤鏈澶х┖闂寸殑綾誨瀷鎵鍗犵敤鐨勫瓧鑺傛暟錛夌殑鍊嶆暟錛屾墍浠ュ湪涓烘渶鍚庝竴涓垚鍛樺彉閲忕敵璇風┖闂村悗錛岃繕浼氭牴鎹渶瑕佽嚜鍔ㄥ~鍏呯┖緙虹殑瀛楄妭銆?
涓嬮潰鐢ㄥ墠闈㈢殑渚嬪瓙鏉ヨ鏄嶸C鍒板簳鎬庝箞鏍鋒潵瀛樻斁緇撴瀯鐨勩?
struct MyStruct
{
double dda1;
char dda;
int type
}錛?
涓轟笂闈㈢殑緇撴瀯鍒嗛厤絀洪棿鐨勬椂鍊欙紝VC鏍規嵁鎴愬憳鍙橀噺鍑虹幇鐨勯『搴忓拰瀵歸綈鏂瑰紡錛屽厛涓虹涓涓垚鍛榙da1鍒嗛厤絀洪棿錛屽叾璧峰鍦板潃璺熺粨鏋勭殑璧峰鍦板潃鐩稿悓錛堝垰濂藉亸縐婚噺0鍒氬ソ涓簊izeof(double)鐨勫嶆暟錛夛紝璇ユ垚鍛樺彉閲忓崰鐢╯izeof(double)=8涓瓧鑺傦紱鎺ヤ笅鏉ヤ負絎簩涓垚鍛榙da鍒嗛厤絀洪棿錛岃繖鏃朵笅涓涓彲浠ュ垎閰嶇殑鍦板潃瀵逛簬緇撴瀯鐨勮搗濮嬪湴鍧鐨勫亸縐婚噺涓?錛屾槸sizeof(char)鐨勫嶆暟錛屾墍浠ユ妸dda瀛樻斁鍦ㄥ亸縐婚噺涓?鐨勫湴鏂規弧瓚沖榻愭柟寮忥紝璇ユ垚鍛樺彉閲忓崰鐢╯izeof(char)=1涓瓧鑺傦紱鎺ヤ笅鏉ヤ負絎笁涓垚鍛榯ype鍒嗛厤絀洪棿錛岃繖鏃朵笅涓涓彲浠ュ垎閰嶇殑鍦板潃瀵逛簬緇撴瀯鐨勮搗濮嬪湴鍧鐨勫亸縐婚噺涓?錛屼笉鏄痵izeof(int)=4鐨勫嶆暟錛屼負浜嗘弧瓚沖榻愭柟寮忓鍋忕Щ閲忕殑綰︽潫闂錛孷C鑷姩濉厖3涓瓧鑺傦紙榪欎笁涓瓧鑺傛病鏈夋斁浠涔堜笢瑗匡級錛岃繖鏃朵笅涓涓彲浠ュ垎閰嶇殑鍦板潃瀵逛簬緇撴瀯鐨勮搗濮嬪湴鍧鐨勫亸縐婚噺涓?2錛屽垰濂芥槸sizeof(int)=4鐨勫嶆暟錛屾墍浠ユ妸type瀛樻斁鍦ㄥ亸縐婚噺涓?2鐨勫湴鏂癸紝璇ユ垚鍛樺彉閲忓崰鐢╯izeof(int)=4涓瓧鑺傦紱榪欐椂鏁翠釜緇撴瀯鐨勬垚鍛樺彉閲忓凡緇忛兘鍒嗛厤浜嗙┖闂達紝鎬葷殑鍗犵敤鐨勭┖闂村ぇ灝忎負錛?+1+3+4=16錛屽垰濂戒負緇撴瀯鐨勫瓧鑺傝竟鐣屾暟錛堝嵆緇撴瀯涓崰鐢ㄦ渶澶х┖闂寸殑綾誨瀷鎵鍗犵敤鐨勫瓧鑺傛暟sizeof(double)=8錛夌殑鍊嶆暟錛屾墍浠ユ病鏈夌┖緙虹殑瀛楄妭闇瑕佸~鍏呫傛墍浠ユ暣涓粨鏋勭殑澶у皬涓猴細sizeof(MyStruct)=8+1+3+4=16錛屽叾涓湁3涓瓧鑺傛槸VC鑷姩濉厖鐨勶紝娌℃湁鏀句換浣曟湁鎰忎箟鐨勪笢瑗褲?
涓嬮潰鍐嶄婦涓緥瀛愶紝浜ゆ崲涓涓嬩笂闈㈢殑MyStruct鐨勬垚鍛樺彉閲忕殑浣嶇疆錛屼嬌瀹冨彉鎴愪笅闈㈢殑鎯呭喌錛?
struct MyStruct
{
char dda;
double dda1;
int type
}錛?
榪欎釜緇撴瀯鍗犵敤鐨勭┖闂翠負澶氬ぇ鍛紵鍦╒C6.0鐜涓嬶紝鍙互寰楀埌sizeof(MyStruc)涓?4銆傜粨鍚堜笂闈㈡彁鍒扮殑鍒嗛厤絀洪棿鐨勪竴浜涘師鍒欙紝鍒嗘瀽涓媀C鎬庝箞鏍蜂負涓婇潰鐨勭粨鏋勫垎閰嶇┖闂寸殑銆傦紙綆鍗曡鏄庯級
struct MyStruct
{
char dda;//鍋忕Щ閲忎負0錛屾弧瓚沖榻愭柟寮忥紝dda鍗犵敤1涓瓧鑺傦紱
double dda1;//涓嬩竴涓彲鐢ㄧ殑鍦板潃鐨勫亸縐婚噺涓?錛屼笉鏄痵izeof(double)=8
//鐨勫嶆暟錛岄渶瑕佽ˉ瓚?涓瓧鑺傛墠鑳戒嬌鍋忕Щ閲忓彉涓?錛堟弧瓚沖榻?
//鏂瑰紡錛夛紝鍥犳VC鑷姩濉厖7涓瓧鑺傦紝dda1瀛樻斁鍦ㄥ亸縐婚噺涓?
//鐨勫湴鍧涓婏紝瀹冨崰鐢?涓瓧鑺傘?
int type錛?/涓嬩竴涓彲鐢ㄧ殑鍦板潃鐨勫亸縐婚噺涓?6錛屾槸sizeof(int)=4鐨勫?
//鏁幫紝婊¤凍int鐨勫榻愭柟寮忥紝鎵浠ヤ笉闇瑕乂C鑷姩濉厖錛宼ype瀛?
//鏀懼湪鍋忕Щ閲忎負16鐨勫湴鍧涓婏紝瀹冨崰鐢?涓瓧鑺傘?
}錛?/鎵鏈夋垚鍛樺彉閲忛兘鍒嗛厤浜嗙┖闂達紝絀洪棿鎬葷殑澶у皬涓?+7+8+4=20錛屼笉鏄粨鏋?
//鐨勮妭杈圭晫鏁幫紙鍗崇粨鏋勪腑鍗犵敤鏈澶х┖闂寸殑綾誨瀷鎵鍗犵敤鐨勫瓧鑺傛暟sizeof
//(double)=8錛夌殑鍊嶆暟錛屾墍浠ラ渶瑕佸~鍏?涓瓧鑺傦紝浠ユ弧瓚崇粨鏋勭殑澶у皬涓?
//sizeof(double)=8鐨勫嶆暟銆?
鎵浠ヨ緇撴瀯鎬葷殑澶у皬涓猴細sizeof(MyStruc)涓?+7+8+4+4=24銆傚叾涓葷殑鏈?+4=11涓瓧鑺傛槸VC鑷姩濉厖鐨勶紝娌℃湁鏀句換浣曟湁鎰忎箟鐨勪笢瑗褲?
VC瀵圭粨鏋勭殑瀛樺偍鐨勭壒孌婂鐞嗙‘瀹炴彁楂楥PU瀛樺偍鍙橀噺鐨勯熷害錛屼絾鏄湁鏃跺欎篃甯︽潵浜嗕竴浜涢夯鐑︼紝鎴戜滑涔熷睆钄芥帀鍙橀噺榛樿鐨勫榻愭柟寮忥紝鑷繁鍙互璁懼畾鍙橀噺鐨勫榻愭柟寮忋?
VC涓彁渚涗簡#pragma pack(n)鏉ヨ瀹氬彉閲忎互n瀛楄妭瀵歸綈鏂瑰紡銆俷瀛楄妭瀵歸綈灝辨槸璇村彉閲忓瓨鏀劇殑璧峰鍦板潃鐨勫亸縐婚噺鏈変袱縐嶆儏鍐碉細絎竴銆佸鏋渘澶т簬絳変簬璇ュ彉閲忔墍鍗犵敤鐨勫瓧鑺傛暟錛岄偅涔堝亸縐婚噺蹇呴』婊¤凍榛樿鐨勫榻愭柟寮忥紝絎簩銆佸鏋渘灝忎簬璇ュ彉閲忕殑綾誨瀷鎵鍗犵敤鐨勫瓧鑺傛暟錛岄偅涔堝亸縐婚噺涓簄鐨勫嶆暟錛屼笉鐢ㄦ弧瓚抽粯璁ょ殑瀵歸綈鏂瑰紡銆傜粨鏋勭殑鎬誨ぇ灝忎篃鏈変釜綰︽潫鏉′歡錛屽垎涓嬮潰涓ょ鎯呭喌錛氬鏋渘澶т簬鎵鏈夋垚鍛樺彉閲忕被鍨嬫墍鍗犵敤鐨勫瓧鑺傛暟錛岄偅涔堢粨鏋勭殑鎬誨ぇ灝忓繀欏諱負鍗犵敤絀洪棿鏈澶х殑鍙橀噺鍗犵敤鐨勭┖闂存暟鐨勫嶆暟錛?
鍚﹀垯蹇呴』涓簄鐨勫嶆暟銆備笅闈婦渚嬭鏄庡叾鐢ㄦ硶銆?
#pragma pack(push) //淇濆瓨瀵歸綈鐘舵?
#pragma pack(4)//璁懼畾涓?瀛楄妭瀵歸綈
struct test
{
char m1;
double m4;
int m3;
};
#pragma pack(pop)//鎭㈠瀵歸綈鐘舵?
浠ヤ笂緇撴瀯鐨勫ぇ灝忎負16錛屼笅闈㈠垎鏋愬叾瀛樺偍鎯呭喌錛岄鍏堜負m1鍒嗛厤絀洪棿錛屽叾鍋忕Щ閲忎負0錛屾弧瓚蟲垜浠嚜宸辮瀹氱殑瀵歸綈鏂瑰紡錛?瀛楄妭瀵歸綈錛夛紝m1鍗犵敤1涓瓧鑺傘傛帴鐫寮濮嬩負m4鍒嗛厤絀洪棿錛岃繖鏃跺叾鍋忕Щ閲忎負1錛岄渶瑕佽ˉ瓚?涓瓧鑺傦紝榪欐牱浣垮亸縐婚噺婊¤凍涓簄=4鐨勫嶆暟錛堝洜涓簊izeof(double)澶т簬n錛?m4鍗犵敤8涓瓧鑺傘傛帴鐫涓簃3鍒嗛厤絀洪棿錛岃繖鏃跺叾鍋忕Щ閲忎負12錛屾弧瓚充負4鐨勫嶆暟錛宮3鍗犵敤4涓瓧鑺傘傝繖鏃跺凡緇忎負鎵鏈夋垚鍛樺彉閲忓垎閰嶄簡絀洪棿錛屽叡鍒嗛厤浜?6涓瓧鑺傦紝婊¤凍涓簄鐨勫嶆暟銆傚鏋滄妸涓婇潰鐨?pragma pack(4)鏀逛負#pragma pack(16)錛岄偅涔堟垜浠彲浠ュ緱鍒扮粨鏋勭殑澶у皬涓?4銆傦紙璇瘋鑰呰嚜宸卞垎鏋愶級
2銆?sizeof鐢ㄦ硶鎬葷粨
鍦╒C涓紝sizeof鏈夌潃璁稿鐨勭敤娉曪紝鑰屼笖寰堝鏄撳紩璧蜂竴浜涢敊璇備笅闈㈡牴鎹畇izeof鍚庨潰鐨勫弬鏁板sizeof鐨勭敤娉曞仛涓葷粨銆?
A錛?nbsp; 鍙傛暟涓烘暟鎹被鍨嬫垨鑰呬負涓鑸彉閲忋備緥濡俿izeof(int),sizeof(long)絳夌瓑銆傝繖縐嶆儏鍐佃娉ㄦ剰鐨勬槸涓嶅悓緋葷粺緋葷粺鎴栬呬笉鍚岀紪璇戝櫒寰楀埌鐨勭粨鏋滃彲鑳芥槸涓嶅悓鐨勩備緥濡俰nt綾誨瀷鍦?6浣嶇郴緇熶腑鍗?涓瓧鑺傦紝鍦?2浣嶇郴緇熶腑鍗?涓瓧鑺傘?
B錛?nbsp; 鍙傛暟涓烘暟緇勬垨鎸囬拡銆備笅闈婦渚嬭鏄?
int a[50]; //sizeof(a)=4*50=200; 姹傛暟緇勬墍鍗犵殑絀洪棿澶у皬
int *a=new int[50];// sizeof(a)=4; a涓轟竴涓寚閽堬紝sizeof(a)鏄眰鎸囬拡
//鐨勫ぇ灝?鍦?2浣嶇郴緇熶腑錛屽綋鐒舵槸鍗?涓瓧鑺傘?
C錛?nbsp; 鍙傛暟涓虹粨鏋勬垨綾匯係izeof搴旂敤鍦ㄧ被鍜岀粨鏋勭殑澶勭悊鎯呭喌鏄浉鍚岀殑銆備絾鏈変袱鐐歸渶瑕佹敞鎰忥紝絎竴銆佺粨鏋勬垨鑰呯被涓殑闈欐佹垚鍛樹笉瀵圭粨鏋勬垨鑰呯被鐨勫ぇ灝忎駭鐢熷獎鍝嶏紝鍥犱負闈欐佸彉閲忕殑瀛樺偍浣嶇疆涓庣粨鏋勬垨鑰呯被鐨勫疄渚嬪湴鍧鏃犲叧銆?
絎簩銆佹病鏈夋垚鍛樺彉閲忕殑緇撴瀯鎴栫被鐨勫ぇ灝忎負1錛屽洜涓哄繀欏諱繚璇佺粨鏋勬垨綾葷殑姣忎竴
涓疄渚嬪湪鍐呭瓨涓兘鏈夊敮涓鐨勫湴鍧銆?
涓嬮潰涓句緥璇存槑錛?
Class Test{int a;static double c};//sizeof(Test)=4.
Test *s;//sizeof(s)=4,s涓轟竴涓寚閽堛?
Class test1{ };//sizeof(test1)=1;
D錛?nbsp; 鍙傛暟涓哄叾浠栥備笅闈婦渚嬭鏄庛?
int func(char s[5]);
{
cout<<sizeof(s);//榪欓噷灝嗚緭鍑?錛屾湰鏉涓轟竴涓暟緇勶紝浣嗙敱浜庡仛涓哄嚱
//鏁扮殑鍙傛暟鍦ㄤ紶閫掔殑鏃跺欑郴緇熷鐞嗕負涓涓寚閽堬紝鎵
//浠izeof(s)瀹為檯涓婁負姹傛寚閽堢殑澶у皬銆?
return 1;
}
sizeof(func("1234"))=4//鍥犱負func鐨勮繑鍥炵被鍨嬩負int錛屾墍浠ョ浉褰撲簬
//姹俿izeof(int).
浠ヤ笂涓簊izeof鐨勫熀鏈敤娉曪紝鍦ㄥ疄闄呯殑浣跨敤涓娉ㄦ剰鍒嗘瀽VC鐨勫垎閰嶅彉閲忕殑鍒嗛厤絳栫暐錛岃繖鏍風殑璇濆彲浠ラ伩鍏嶄竴浜涢敊璇?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
25.i鏈鍚庣瓑浜庡灝?
int i = 1;
int j = i++;
if((i>j++) && (i++ == j)) i+=j;
絳?
i = 5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
26.
unsigned short array[]={1,2,3,4,5,6,7};
int i = 3;
*(array + i) = ?
絳?
4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
27.
class A
{
virtual void func1()錛?br> void func2();
}
Class B: class A
{
void func1(){cout << "fun1 in class B" << endl;}
virtual void func2(){cout << "fun2 in class B" << endl;}
}
A, A涓殑func1鍜孊涓殑func2閮芥槸铏氬嚱鏁?
B, A涓殑func1鍜孊涓殑func2閮戒笉鏄櫄鍑芥暟.
C, A涓殑func2鏄櫄鍑芥暟.錛孊涓殑func1涓嶆槸铏氬嚱鏁?
D, A涓殑func2涓嶆槸铏氬嚱鏁幫紝B涓殑func1鏄櫄鍑芥暟.
絳?
A
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
28.
鏁版嵁搴擄細鎶藉嚭閮ㄩ棬錛屽鉤鍧囧伐璧勶紝瑕佹眰鎸夐儴闂ㄧ殑瀛楃涓查『搴忔帓搴忥紝涓嶈兘鍚湁"human resource"閮ㄩ棬錛?/p>
employee緇撴瀯濡備笅錛歟mployee_id, employee_name, depart_id,depart_name,wage
絳?
select depart_name, avg(wage)
from employee
where depart_name <> 'human resource'
group by depart_name
order by depart_name
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
29.
緇欏畾濡備笅SQL鏁版嵁搴擄細Test(num INT(4)) 璇風敤涓鏉QL璇彞榪斿洖num鐨勬渶灝忓鹼紝浣嗕笉璁鎬嬌鐢ㄧ粺璁″姛鑳斤紝濡侻IN錛孧AX絳?/p>
絳?
select top 1 num
from Test
order by num desc
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
30.
杈撳嚭涓嬮潰紼嬪簭緇撴灉銆?
#include <iostream.h>
class A
{
public:
virtual void print(void)
{
cout<<"A::print()"<<endl;
}
};
class B:public A
{
public:
virtual void print(void)
{
cout<<"B::print()"<<endl;
};
};
class C:public B
{
public:
virtual void print(void)
{
cout<<"C::print()"<<endl;
}
};
void print(A a)
{
a.print();
}
void main(void)
{
A a, *pa,*pb,*pc;
B b;
C c;
pa=&a;
pb=&b;
pc=&c;
a.print();
b.print();
c.print();
pa->print();
pb->print();
pc->print();
print(a);
print(b);
print(c);
}
A:
A::print()
B::print()
C::print()
A::print()
B::print()
C::print()
A::print()
A::print()
A::print()
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
31.
璇曠紪鍐欏嚱鏁板垽鏂綆楁満鐨勫瓧鑺傚瓨鍌ㄩ『搴忔槸寮搴?little endian)榪樻槸闄嶅簭(bigendian)
絳?
bool IsBigendian()
{
unsigned short usData = 0x1122;
unsigned char *pucData = (unsigned char*)&usData;
return (*pucData == 0x22);
}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
32.綆榪癈ritical Section鍜孧utex鐨勪笉鍚岀偣
絳?
瀵瑰嚑縐嶅悓姝ュ璞$殑鎬葷粨
1.Critical Section
A.閫熷害蹇?br>B.涓嶈兘鐢ㄤ簬涓嶅悓榪涚▼
C.涓嶈兘榪涜璧勬簮緇熻(姣忔鍙彲浠ユ湁涓涓嚎紼嬪鍏變韓璧勬簮榪涜瀛樺彇)
2.Mutex
A.閫熷害鎱?br>B.鍙敤浜庝笉鍚岃繘紼?br>C.涓嶈兘榪涜璧勬簮緇熻
3.Semaphore
A.閫熷害鎱?br>B.鍙敤浜庝笉鍚岃繘紼?br>C.鍙繘琛岃祫婧愮粺璁?鍙互璁╀竴涓垨瓚呰繃涓涓嚎紼嬪鍏變韓璧勬簮榪涜瀛樺彇)
4.Event
A.閫熷害鎱?br>B.鍙敤浜庝笉鍚岃繘紼?br>C.鍙繘琛岃祫婧愮粺璁?/p>
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
33.涓涓暟鎹簱涓湁涓や釜琛?
涓寮犺〃涓篊ustomer錛屽惈瀛楁ID,Name;
涓寮犺〃涓篛rder錛屽惈瀛楁ID,CustomerID錛堣繛鍚慍ustomer涓璉D鐨勫閿級,Revenue錛?br>鍐欏嚭姹傛瘡涓狢ustomer鐨凴evenue鎬誨拰鐨凷QL璇彞銆?/p>
寤鴻〃
create table customer
(
ID int primary key,Name char(10)
)
go
create table [order]
(
ID int primary key,CustomerID int foreign key references customer(id) , Revenue float
)
go
--鏌ヨ
select Customer.ID, sum( isnull([Order].Revenue,0) )
from customer full join [order]
on( [order].customerid=customer.id )
group by customer.id
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
34.璇鋒寚鍑轟笅鍒楃▼搴忎腑鐨勯敊璇茍涓斾慨鏀?br>void GetMemory(char *p){
p=(char *)malloc(100);
}
void Test(void){
char *str=NULL;
GetMemory=(str);
strcpy(str,"hello world");
printf(str);
}
A:閿欒--鍙傛暟鐨勫兼敼鍙樺悗錛屼笉浼氫紶鍥?br>GetMemory騫朵笉鑳戒紶閫掑姩鎬佸唴瀛橈紝Test鍑芥暟涓殑 str涓鐩撮兘鏄?NULL銆?br>strcpy(str, "hello world");灝嗕嬌紼嬪簭宕╂簝銆?/p>
淇敼濡備笅:
char *GetMemory(){
char *p=(char *)malloc(100);
return p;
}
void Test(void){
char *str=NULL;
str=GetMemory(){
strcpy(str,"hello world");
printf(str);
}
鏂規硶浜?void GetMemory2(char **p)鍙樹負浜岀駭鎸囬拡.
void GetMemory2(char **p, int num)
{
*p = (char *)malloc(sizeof(char) * num);
}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
35.紼嬪簭鏀歸敊
class mml
{
private:
static unsigned int x;
public:
mml(){ x++; }
mml(static unsigned int &) {x++;}
~mml{x--;}
pulic:
virtual mon() {} = 0;
static unsigned int mmc(){return x;}
......
};
class nnl:public mml
{
private:
static unsigned int y;
public:
nnl(){ x++; }
nnl(static unsigned int &) {x++;}
~nnl{x--;}
public:
virtual mon() {};
static unsigned int nnc(){return y;}
......
};
浠g爜鐗囨柇:
mml* pp = new nnl;
..........
delete pp;
A:
鍩虹被鐨勬瀽鏋勫嚱鏁板簲璇ヤ負铏氬嚱鏁?br>virtual ~mml{x--;}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
36.101涓‖甯?00鐪熴?鍋囷紝鐪熷亣鍖哄埆鍦ㄤ簬閲嶉噺銆傝鐢ㄦ棤鐮濈爜澶╁鉤縐頒袱嬈$粰鍑虹湡甯侀噸榪樻槸鍋囧竵閲嶇殑緇撹銆?/p>
絳?
101涓厛鍙栧嚭2鍫?
33,33
絎竴嬈$О,濡傛灉涓嶇浉絳?璇存槑鏈変竴鍫嗛噸鎴栬交
閭d箞鎶婇噸鐨勯偅鍫嗘嬁涓嬫潵,鍐嶆斁鍙﹀35涓腑鐨?3
濡傛灉鐩哥瓑,璇存槑鍋囩殑閲?濡傛灉涓嶇浉絳?鏂版斁涓婂幓鐨勮繕鏄噸鐨勮瘽,璇存槑鍋囩殑杞?涓嶅彲鑳芥柊鏀句笂鍘葷殑杞?
絎竴嬈$О,濡傛灉鐩哥瓑鐨勮瘽錛岃繖66涓偗瀹氶兘鏄湡鐨?浠庤繖66涓腑鍙栧嚭35涓潵,涓庡墿涓嬬殑娌$О榪囩殑35涓瘮
涓嬮潰灝變笉鐢ㄨ浜?/p>
鏂規硶浜?
絎?棰樹篃鍙互鎷緼(50),B(50)姣斾竴涓嬶紝涓鏍風殑璇濇嬁鍓╀笅鐨勪竴涓拰鐪熺殑姣斾竴涓嬨?br>濡傛灉涓嶄竴鏍鳳紝灝辨嬁鍏朵腑鐨勪竴鍫嗐傛瘮濡侫(50)鍐嶅垎鎴愪袱鍫?5姣斾竴涓嬶紝涓鏍風殑璇濆氨鍦?br>B(50)涓紝涓嶄竴鏍峰氨鍦ˋ(50)涓紝緇撳悎絎竴嬈$殑緇撴灉灝辯煡閬撲簡銆?/p>
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
37.static鍙橀噺鍜宻tatic 鍑芥暟鍚勬湁浠涔堢壒鐐癸紵
絳?
static鍙橀噺錛氬湪紼嬪簭榪愯鏈熷唴涓鐩存湁鏁堬紝濡傛灉瀹氫箟鍦ㄥ嚱鏁板錛屽垯鍦ㄧ紪璇戝崟鍏冨唴鍙錛屽鏋滃湪鍑芥暟鍐咃紝鍦ㄥ湪瀹氫箟鐨刡lock鍐呭彲瑙侊紱
static鍑芥暟錛氬湪緙栬瘧鍗曞厓鍐呭彲瑙侊紱
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
38.鐢– 鍐欎竴涓緭鍏ョ殑鏁存暟,鍊掔潃杈撳嚭鏁存暟鐨勫嚱鏁?瑕佹眰鐢ㄩ掑綊鏂規硶 ;
絳?
void fun( int a )
{
printf( "%d", a%10 );
a /= 10;
if( a <=0 )return;
fun( a );
}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
39.鍐欏嚭紼嬪簭緇撴灉:
void Func(char str[100])
{
printf("%d\n", sizeof(str));
}
絳?
4
鍒嗘瀽:
鎸囬拡闀垮害
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
40.int id[sizeof(unsigned long)];
榪欎釜瀵瑰悧錛熶負浠涔??
絳?
瀵?br>榪欎釜 sizeof鏄紪璇戞椂榪愮畻絎︼紝緙栬瘧鏃跺氨紜畾浜?br>鍙互鐪嬫垚鍜屾満鍣ㄦ湁鍏崇殑甯擱噺銆?/p>
鏈枃涓昏鍖呮嫭浜屼釜閮ㄥ垎錛岀涓閮ㄥ垎閲嶇偣浠嬬粛鍦╒C涓紝鎬庝箞鏍烽噰鐢╯izeof鏉ユ眰緇撴瀯鐨勫ぇ灝忥紝浠ュ強瀹規槗鍑虹幇鐨勯棶棰橈紝騫剁粰鍑鴻В鍐抽棶棰樼殑鏂規硶錛岀浜岄儴鍒嗘葷粨鍑篤C涓璼izeof鐨勪富瑕佺敤娉曘?
1銆?sizeof搴旂敤鍦ㄧ粨鏋勪笂鐨勬儏鍐?
璇風湅涓嬮潰鐨勭粨鏋勶細
struct MyStruct
{
double dda1;
char dda;
int type
};
瀵圭粨鏋凪yStruct閲囩敤sizeof浼氬嚭鐜頒粈涔堢粨鏋滃憿錛焥izeof(MyStruct)涓哄灝戝憿錛熶篃璁鎬綘浼氳繖鏍鋒眰錛?
sizeof(MyStruct)=sizeof(double)+sizeof(char)+sizeof(int)=13
浣嗘槸褰撳湪VC涓祴璇曚笂闈㈢粨鏋勭殑澶у皬鏃訛紝浣犱細鍙戠幇sizeof(MyStruct)涓?6銆備綘鐭ラ亾涓轟粈涔堝湪VC涓細寰楀嚭榪欐牱涓涓粨鏋滃悧錛?
鍏跺疄錛岃繖鏄疺C瀵瑰彉閲忓瓨鍌ㄧ殑涓涓壒孌婂鐞嗐備負浜嗘彁楂楥PU鐨勫瓨鍌ㄩ熷害錛孷C瀵逛竴浜涘彉閲忕殑璧峰鍦板潃鍋氫簡"瀵歸綈"澶勭悊銆傚湪榛樿鎯呭喌涓嬶紝VC瑙勫畾鍚勬垚鍛樺彉閲忓瓨鏀劇殑璧峰鍦板潃鐩稿浜庣粨鏋勭殑璧峰鍦板潃鐨勫亸縐婚噺蹇呴』涓鴻鍙橀噺鐨勭被鍨嬫墍鍗犵敤鐨勫瓧鑺傛暟鐨勫嶆暟銆備笅闈㈠垪鍑哄父鐢ㄧ被鍨嬬殑瀵歸綈鏂瑰紡(vc6.0,32浣嶇郴緇?銆?
綾誨瀷
瀵歸綈鏂瑰紡錛堝彉閲忓瓨鏀劇殑璧峰鍦板潃鐩稿浜庣粨鏋勭殑璧峰鍦板潃鐨勫亸縐婚噺錛?
Char
鍋忕Щ閲忓繀欏諱負sizeof(char)鍗?鐨勫嶆暟
int
鍋忕Щ閲忓繀欏諱負sizeof(int)鍗?鐨勫嶆暟
float
鍋忕Щ閲忓繀欏諱負sizeof(float)鍗?鐨勫嶆暟
double
鍋忕Щ閲忓繀欏諱負sizeof(double)鍗?鐨勫嶆暟
Short
鍋忕Щ閲忓繀欏諱負sizeof(short)鍗?鐨勫嶆暟
鍚勬垚鍛樺彉閲忓湪瀛樻斁鐨勬椂鍊欐牴鎹湪緇撴瀯涓嚭鐜扮殑欏哄簭渚濇鐢寵絀洪棿錛屽悓鏃舵寜鐓т笂闈㈢殑瀵歸綈鏂瑰紡璋冩暣浣嶇疆錛岀┖緙虹殑瀛楄妭VC浼氳嚜鍔ㄥ~鍏呫傚悓鏃禫C涓轟簡紜繚緇撴瀯鐨勫ぇ灝忎負緇撴瀯鐨勫瓧鑺傝竟鐣屾暟錛堝嵆璇ョ粨鏋勪腑鍗犵敤鏈澶х┖闂寸殑綾誨瀷鎵鍗犵敤鐨勫瓧鑺傛暟錛夌殑鍊?/textarea>
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